339
Mundarija
S o ‘ z b o s h i.............................................................................................
5
B o b 1 M a x su s n isb iy lik n a z a r iy a s i..........................................
9
1.1
Nisbiylik prinsiplari
9
1.2
Nisbiylik nazariyasida interval..........................................
14
1.3
Nisbiylik nazariyasida v a q t ................................................
20
1.4
Lorentz almashtirishlari......................................................
23
1.5
Lorentz almashtirishlaridan kelib chiqadigan xulosalar
26
1.6
Nisbiylik nazariyasida tezliklarni va burchaklarni al
mashtirish ..............................................................................
28
1.7
T o‘rt ’lchovli vektor va tenzorlar
31
1.8
To'rt o ‘lchovli tezlik va tezlanish
36
1.9
1-bobga oid masala va savollar
38
B o b 2 R e ly a tiv is tik m exa n ik a ................................................
41
2.1
Erkin moddiy nuqtaning Lagranj funksiyasi
41
2.2
Erkin moddiy nuqtaning energiya va im pulsi
43
2.3
Zarrachalar sistemasining mexanikasi
48
2.4
Relyativistik zarrachalarning parchalanishi..................
54
2.5
Relyativistik zarrachalarning elastik to ‘qnashishi. . . .
57
2.6
2-bobga oid masala va savollar
61
B o b 3 E le k tro m a g n it m a y d o n d a g i z a r y a d ...........................
63
3.1
Nisbiylik nazariyasida zaryad va zarrachalar
63
3.2
Elektromagnit maydondagi zaryad uchun ta’sir integrali
65
3.3
Elektromagnit maydondagi zaryad harakat tenglamasi.
67
Lorentz k u ch i........................................................................
3.4
Maydon kattaliklari uchun Lorentz almashtirishlari . . .
73
3.5
Maydonning kalibrovka invariantligi
76
3.6
Tekis harakatlanayotgan zaryad m ayd on i.....................
78
3.7
Elektr maydonda zaryadning harakati...........................
81
3.8
Magnit maydonda zaryadning harakati
84
3.9
3-bobga oid masala va savollar
86
B o b 3 E le k tro d in a m ik a n in g a sosiy t e n g la m a la r i............
89
340
4.1
Maksvell-Lorentz tenglamalarining birinchi jufti . . . .
89
4.2
Zaryadning saqlanish q o n u n i.............................................
92
4.3
Elektromagnit maydon uchun ta’sir integrali...............
94
4.4
Maksvell-Lorentz tenglamalarining ikkinchi jufti . . . .
97
4.5
Elektromagnit maydon energiyasining saqlanish qonuni
100
4.6
Maydon potensiallari uchun tenglam alar........................
104
4.7
4-bobga oid masala va savollar..........................................
106
B o b 5 E l e k t r o s t a t ik a ......................................................................
109
5.1
Elektrostatik maydon..........................................................
109
5.2
Kulon q on u n i...........................................................................
Ш
5.3
Multipol m om entlar.............................................................
112
5.3.1 Dipol m om en ti.............................................................
113
5.3.2 Kvadrupol m o m e n ti...................................................
115
5.4
Elektrostatik maydon energiyasi.......................................
119
5.5
Tashqi maydonning zaryadlar sistemasiga ta ’siri . . . .
123
5.6
5-bobga oid masala va savollar..........................................
126
B o b 6 0 ‘ zg a rm a s m a g n it m a y d o n ..........................................
129
6.1
Statsionar tokning magnit m a y d on i.................................
129
6.2
Magnit m om en ti.....................................................................
133
6.3
Chiziqli tokning magnit m om en ti....................................
135
6.4
Magnit va impuls momentlari orasidagi bog'lanish . . .
138
6.5
6-bobga oid masala va savollar..........................................
140
B o b 7 V a k u u m d a e le k tr o m a g n it m a y d o n ...........................
143
7.1
To'lqin tenglam asi................................................................
143
7.2
Yassi elektromagnit to'lq in la ri..........................................
145
7.3
Monoxromatik elektromagnit to ‘lq in la r...........................
148
7.4
7-bobga oid masalalar va savollar.......................................
153
B o b 8 I x t iy o r iy h a ra k a td a g i za ry a d la r m a y d o n i ...............
155
8.1
Kechikuvchi potensiallar......................................................
155
8.2
Nuqtaviy zaryad kechikuvchi potensiali...........................
160
8.3
Ixtiyoriy harakatdagi zaryadlarning yetarlicha uzoq
masofalardagi m a y d o n i.........................................................
165
8.4
Dipol nurlanishi...................................................................
169
8.5
Nurlanish reaksiyasi.............................................................
172
8.6
Nurlanish chizig'ning tabiiy kengligii..................... ...
175
341
8.7
Kvadrupol va magnito-dipol nurlanishi........................ ..... 179
8.8
Elektromagnit toiqinlarning zaryadlarda sochilishi . .
182
8.9
Relyativistik zaryadlarning nurlanishi........................... .....185
8.10
8-bobga oid masala va savollar....................................... .....188
B o b 9 M a k ro sk o p ik e le k tro d in a m ik a n in g a sosiy
t e n g la m a la r i..................................................................... ...... 189
9.1
Maydon kattaliklarini o'rtachalash................................. .....189
9.2
Elektr maydonda muhitning qutblanishi..................... ...... 192
9.3
Tok zichligining o'rtach asi................................................ .....194
9.4
Maksvell va bog'lanish tenglamalari.............................. ..... 198
9.5
Chegaraviy shartlar............................................................ .....201
9.6
Muhitda elektromagnit maydon energiyasining saqla
nish q on u n i................................. .............................................. 206
9.7
9-bobga oid masala va sayollar....................................... ......208
B o b 10 M u h itd a e le k tro sta tik m a y d o n .....................................209
10.1
0 ‘tkazgichlarda elektrostatik m a y d o n ........................... .....210
10.2
0 ‘tkazgichlarning elektrostatik maydon energiyasi . . . 211
10.3
Dielektriklarda elektrostatik m a y d o n ........................... ......215
10.4
Elektrostatika masalalarini yechish m etod lari............ ......216
10.5
Dielektriklar va o'tkazgichlar tashqi elektrostatik . . .
m aydon da................................................................................. 223
10.6
10-bobga oid masalalar va savollar................................. .... 227
B o b 11 0 ‘ zga rm a s m a g n it m a y d o n ....................................... ..... 229 |л
11.1
Om q on u n i........................................................................... .... 229
11.2
0 ‘zgarmas tokli chiziqli o'tkazgichlar........................... ......232
1 ] .3
0 ‘tkazgichlarda o'zgarmas t o k ....................................... ......234
11.4
Statsionar tokning magnit m a y d on i.............................. ..... 235
11.6
11-bobga oid masalalar va savollar.............................. ....... 238
B o b 12 K v a zista tsion a r m a y d o n l a r ....................................... ......239
12.1
Kvazistatsionarlik shartlari
239
12.2
Harakatdagi o'kazgichlar uchun induksiya qonuni . . .
241
12.3
Chiziqli o'tkazgichlarda kvazistatsionar to k la r ............ .....245
12.4
Kvazistatsionar toklar energiyasi.................................... .....247 ;
12.5
O'tkazgichda kvazistatsionar toklarning taqsimoti . . . 250
12.6
Bir jinsli va izotrop muhitda elektromagnit to'lqinlar . 254 1
12.7
12-bobga oid masalalar va savollar
258
342
14.4.1 Modulyatsion barqarorlik....................................
295
14.4.2 Fazoviy yorqin optik soliton lar..............................
298
14.4.3 Qorong'i fazoviy soliton lar....................................
301
343
Abdulaziz Abduvakhabovich ABDU M ALIKOV
ELEKTRODINAMIKA
Oliy о ‘quv yurt lari uchun darslik
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