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- 5. Operationalization of research: Aachen and Poitiers
Name First use Actors - Promoters Dissemination Name Type of institution / disciplines Influence HAS influence Date Country Type Planungszelle 1972
Germany Dienel and Collaborators University / Sociology Urban Planning PIN 1992
Spain Transposition Burgergutachten 1996
Austria Transposition Citizens' Jury 1996
United Kingdom Transfer
Burgerforum 1995
Germany Transfer
Purānunkusutsere 2006
Japan Transfer
Giurie dei cittadini 2006
Italy Transfer
Workshop citizen 2006
France Influence Citizen Jury 2008
France Influence RRCLD / Citizens Committee - Citizens Jury 1974
EUA Crosby
University / psychology and political science Social Psychology Deliberative Poll 1994
United Kingdom Influence Citizens' Jury 1996
United Kingdom Transfer
Workshop citizen 2006
France Influence Citizen Jury 2008
France Influence Konsensuskonference 1987
Denmark Teknologyradet Government Agency For the evaluation of scientific choice Medical Consensus Conference Publiek Debate 1993
Netherlands Transposition Consensus Conference 1995
United Kingdom Transposition Conference of citizens 1998
France Transfer
Konsenssuskonferenz 2001
Germany Transposition PIN - Nucleos of 'Intervencion made 1992
Spain Harms
Consultant / - Planungszelle Published Jurados 1994
Spain Transposition Deliberative Poll 1994
United Kingdom Fishkin
University / Communication Citizens Jury Granada 500 Televote Citizens Assembly 2004
Canada (BC) Influence Deliberative Poll 1995
EUA Transposition European Citizens Panel 2007
HAD Transposition Conference of citizens 1998
France OPECST
Governmental Agency of evaluation of scientific choice Consensus conference Citizen Jury 2003 France
Transfer Workshop citizen 2006 France
Transfer Citizens Assembly - BC 2004
Canada - BC Liberal Party / Gibson / Fair vote Think Tank / University / political pressure groups
Jury
Citizens Assembly Ontario 2006
Canada Transposition Burgerforum kiesstelsel 2006
Netherlands Transposition Workshop citizen 2006
France Region Rhone-Alpes Regional Council Conference of citizen Citizens Juries European Consultation of citizens 2006 EU
European Union Planungszelle Citizens' Juries Citizen Jury 2008 France
Poitou-Charentes Region Regional Council Workshop citizen, Planungszelle, Citizens' Jury
Chapter 4: The Planungszelle and the jury of citizens, two models aleatoriens paradigmatic These different types of dissemination are not foreign to the country of origin of the mini-public. In effect, if the dissemination of type " transposition " is in the majority, the fact remains that the found cases of transfer, as in the projects carried out by the Academy for the assessment of technological risks of Baden-wuerttemberg . The still we attended has evolutions of the name of the template: Planungszellen become for example of " forums " on citizens (Burgerforen) or " reports " on citizens (Burgergutachten), the Citizens Juries become Citizen Panels. To finish this return, it is proposed to introduce a synthetic table of the main models of mini-public and their dissemination (illustration 32, p. 215). The census is not exhaustive but it gives a general idea of the overall process that we have traced, country by country.
Between the beginning of 1970 and the end of 2000, the practice of mini-public has strongly evolved. Firstly their thematic horizon has expanded since the latter have been employees in frameworks of more diverse, which is the sign of a dissemination has new sectors of society. Secondly, their theoretical framework and discursive has changed greatly. It has been seen that the speech of the debut was rooted in the themes of the planning and participation " technical " on the citizens in decision-making. From the 1980s and especially in the 1990s, it is the theme of the evaluation of scientific choice which door the dissemination of mini-public: the major projects for Planungszellen have then to subject the Technikfolgenabschatzung and are organized by institutions active in this domaine85. The same model of the Consensus Conference is thought as a tool of scientific assessment and the first of these concerns the genetics (Kluver 1995). The first conference of citizens in France treaty of GMOS (Bourg & Boy 2005), in Gone85Technikfolgenabschatzung : Evaluation of scientific and technical choices. See the projects of theAkademie fur Technikfolgenabschatzung in Germany or those organized in the Netherlands (Hamstra 1995, 60). 216
4. Reasons for the choice of the models Planungszelle and jury citizen Magne the subject is the prenatal diagnosis (Schicktanz & Naumann 2003). The mini-public then serve as a deliberate on a topic of society controversy, without need to produce concrete recommendations. From the end of 1990 occurs a new slip which is of particular interest to us since he sees the meeting between the practice of mini-public and the theory of democracy random: more and more texts take the experiences as illustrations, and practitioners draw more and more in the theoretical discourse. Thematic themes such as the Athenian democracy or the crisis of representative democracy appear. But the most remarkable is the evolution of the justification of the drawing which is becoming less functional and more and more substantial, a phenomenon which can be observed in the publications on the Planungszelle. While up at the end of 1980 the majority of articles published in journals of urban planning, there are more and more publications in books and journals concerning science in society in 1990 and the number of publications in books and journals of political science and political theory has increased from the end of 1990. Among the pioneers of mini-public, Fishkin seems to have been the first to adopt an argument similar to that of the proponents of democracy random. Crosby, for its part has always argued in terms close to those of the theory of democracy. It does not mention however not the historical examples such as Athens or the italian republics what probably is explained by its desire to focus on the implementation of its modele86. Dienel finally has changed profoundly in his argument, that the history of the book Die Planungszelle shows in a way that is particularly synthetique87. While the content of the book remains largely the same in these five editions (a hand adding has from 1997 of a appendix detailing the experiments already carried out), the sub-title of the book evolved. In 1991 it remains " the citizen planned its environment ", in 1992 it becomes " an alternative has the democracy of the establishment " before transforming in 2002 in " the citizen as chance " on88. Dienel, which in 86Maintenance Crosby (2009). 87The book is also a good indication of the quantitative evolution presented above (cf. 2.3 ). Indeed, we need to wait for thirteen years between the first and the second edition (from 1978 to 1991) while the third, fourth and fifth are fading quickly in 1992, 1997 and 2002. 88Dienel, Peter, (1978): Die Planungszelle: der Burger plant seine Umwelt, 1e ed. , Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. Dienel, Peter (1991): Die Planungszelle: der Burger plant seine Umwelt ; eine Alternative zur Establishment-Demokratie , 2nd ed. , Opladen: Westdteuscher Verlag. Dienel, Peter (1992): Die Planungszelle: der Burger plant seine Umwelt ; eine Alternative zur Establishment-Demokratie , 3rd ed. , Opladen: Westdteuscher Verlag. Dienel, Peter (1997): Die Planungszelle: der Burger plant seine Umwelt ; eine Alternative zur Establishment-Demokratie ; 4th ed. , Opladen: Westdteuscher Verlag. Dienel, Peter (2002): Die Planungszelle: der Burger als Chance, 5th ed. , Wiesbaden: Westdteuscher Verlag. 217
Chapter 4: The Planungszelle and the jury of citizens, two models aleatoriens paradigmatic The 1970 defined and justified its model by the need to put in place new " sociological technical planning ≪, then develops the topos of the " sustaining the role of citizen " and that of the " liberation of the policy " on89. This call has more democracy is double of an argument in terms of the theory of democracy, particularly as regards the draw. It should also be noted that in the countries where it arrived later, innovation mini-public tends to be directly perceived and proposed as a solution to a crisis of the democratie90. This is the case in the United Kingdom or the projects launched by the Prime Minister Blair and then Brown are presented as such. This is also the case in France or the theme is anchored immediately in the debate on the " democratization of democracy " on. 4.2Models adapted to the empirical test 4.2 .1The mini-public as object of study relevant The detour history that we have just done allows you to answer the question of departure and to assert that the mini-public are an object of study relevant to the test of theoretical expectations put forward in chapter 3. In a synthetic form, this relevance rests on two elements: first, the model of mini-public is based on the selection of citizens by drawing in the aim of enabling them to participate directly in the formulation of the policy in the course of a deliberative process. Therefore, they represent a lot of points of views a practical implementation of the proposals of the supporters of the draw in politics and tend to have a strong echo in the theoretical texts. It has also been seen that they represent the focal point of encounter between the theory and the practice in the mid-1990s. Secondly, they allow, by their relative complexity and their methodological arrangement, to take into account the majority of theoretical expectations this is not, for example, the case of uses such as prints for the spaces in the educational system or the tie-breaker. The field remains however still too wide, that is why it was decided to be interested in the models Planungszelle and jury of citizens for the reasons that we will now develop. 89Dienel (1969) see title of the paragraph. Dienel (2005): " Die Verstetigung der ... Burgerrolle " and " Die Befreiung der Politik. ≪ 90Lenaghan (1997). See also Carson & Martin (1999). 218 4. Reasons for the choice of the models Planungszelle and jury citizen 4.2 .2The Planungszelle as prototype The Planungszelle appears represent an example particularly central mini-public and we have chosen for four reasons: first, the Planungszellen represent the first practical implementation of the theories of the draw in politics. Person before Dienel had, at least since the end of the second world war, brought together a group of citizens learned lots to reflect on a problem of planning. Secondly, the Planungszelle is the model that has been most used in Germany and in the world, and which has the form the more standardized which allows you to think in terms diachronic on series more large. Thirdly, in its original design - which is very largely maintained as we have seen in the study of dissemination - the Planungszelle remained relatively independent of the theory that is-a-say that it is not located in the presence of implementation of the theory of the draw. It is not of tests conducted by proponents of democracy random seeking has prove the accuracy of their assumptions, which is probably less clear in other models such as the Deliberative Poll. Fourthly, the Planungszelle seems to have a series of special features that make them more relevant than the other models of mini-public. First of all, because the drawing is performed without quotas on a list of inhabitants relatively complete, has the reverse of prints with quotas and/or indirect put in place in the whole of the other devices. Then because they seek more participation that the deliberation. These special notes open questions on the relevance of the model (why is this the only has work without draw with quotas? Why several Planungszellen parallel ?) which grow has complement the empirical study by a newer model and more hybrid. 4.2 .3The jury of citizens: an example of hybridization particular In the light of these remarks, the jury of citizens has the french seems to constitute a second model satisfactory to test the theoretical hypotheses, and this for six reasons: first, as the previous history has shown, it is a late-model, strongly hybrid in its operation and its inspiration. It thus constitutes a sort of pot-pourri of other innovations of mini-public. It remains, in the second place, that it is the first real use in France of a derivative of the original models, which therefore allows the popula219 Chapter 4: The Planungszelle and the jury of citizens, two models aleatoriens paradigmatic Sounds. Third, the model has provoked a national debate in France (Dowlen 2008a) and is enrolled in a political dimension that it has never reached either in Germany or in the United States, or probably elsewhere. Fourthly, unlike models such as the Consensus Conferences, the jury of citizens is in strong thematic connection and personal with the theory of random democracy, it is located almost in the direct experimentation. The draw is a key argument of its use, it has a value substantially was debate which balances the theoretical framework in the presence in the Planungszelle. Fifthly the jury of citizens as presented by its promoters in France is a tool for evaluation of public policies and non-construction of recommendations ex ante, which gives him a dimension everything has done nouvelle91. Finally, the jury of citizens is methodologically differs significantly from the Planungszelle this which will allow to question some micro-mechanisms, for example the fact that the Planungszelle is held on four consecutive days and the jury on two sessions of two days. Or even the fact that the citizens have in the latter the partial control of experts who are invites92. 5. Operationalization of research: Aachen and Poitiers It is proposed to introduce now the concrete examples chosen for the empirical study. It will be simply to present the framework and not the details which constitute the heart of the next chapter. Before that, they will state the reasons for this choice. 5.1The reasons for the choice of these examples The choice of two concrete experiences is based on a series of three factors, the first is the concrete possibility of access to the empirical scope. The German players such as french have allowed me in the two cases to achieve a very complete study of the preparation, progress and suites of the employment of the Planungszelle and jury citoyen93. 91Cf. infra, p. 228. 92See the consequences of these differences in Chapter 6, including the 2.1.2.2 , p. 327. 93It is the opportunity to again thank Hans Lietzmann, Susanne Achterberg and Marc Schulz for their support during the research has Aix-la-Chapelle and Marion Ben-Hammo , Sophie Bouchet-Petersen and the team of public tasks for their research assistance in Poitiers. 220
5. Operationalization of research: Aachen and Poitiers The second factor is the overall similarity of the two experiences which allows the formulation of comparative remarks, given that the two were on an environmental issue that was negative in the question of collective responsibility in addressing environmental challenges and local globaux94. The third factor is conversely, a series of contextual differences and policies, thematic and methodological that allow you to highlight each of the experiences and that we will go into detail now. 5.2" Eine neue Abfallgebührensatzung für Aachen "
The city of Aix-la-Chapelle (285,000 inhabitants) wanted for a long time put in place a new system of pricing of household garbage to resolve the growing problem of the imbalance between the different parts of the city. In effect, the system in place was based on a single tax dependent on the volume of the waste bins rented, a " system has a column ", in which each household paid a tax whose amount is obtained by multiplying the cost of a liter of waste (calculated previously) by the number of readings per liter and the pace of lifted. At first glance, this system meets the Versuchacherprinzip (polluter pays) since the homes which produce more garbage, pay more. It was therefore the appearance of the mathematical equality, but its simplicity cache in reality of inequality has several levels, particularly in the case of Aix-la-Chapelle. First, the homes living on the outskirts of the city produce more organic waste that those of the center, in particular because they have for most of a garden. Through the single tax which does not differentiate between types of garbage, they are really the people in the center who finance their greater consumption of the service of collection and treatment. Secondly, these same households live in large part in a single-family home and have the opportunity to optimize their volume of junk. In effect, they have for the majority of bins of 60 liters that they satisfy completely and font lift once a month only. The inhabitants of the center however reside mostly in sets of more major in which are used garbage cans of 120 liters emptied all weeks or 240 or even 770 liters emptied all month. This rate as well as the vo94This Thematic proximity would for example not been given in the other German experience which is offered as a field of study and which was on the communal reform. 221
Chapter 4: The Planungszelle and the jury of citizens, two models aleatoriens paradigmatic Lume installed more important generally prevents the complete filling of the waste bins. The inhabitants of the Center pay therefore of liters " empty " on and finance once again the people of the periphery. Third, the people of the periphery, already doubling benefits by the calculation system, are on average the homes the more affluent. Seen thus, the system can be characterized as unfair. If all the political parties represented in the municipal council were of this opinion and pleaded for a reform, no agreement had to be found as to the type of reform has lead. The options were three in number. First, keep the system of single tax by improving the calculation of liters of waste actually produced by the inhabitants, including through technical systems of weight measurement. Secondly, go has a system said " has three columns " on it is-a-say in which the price of the liter of each type of waste would be calculated independently and billed separately. Thirdly, choose a system said " has two columns " on it is-a-say differentiating between residual waste and paper on one side and organic refuse on the other. These three options and their consequences are summarized, below with the concrete calculation of 2007 (cf. illustration 35, p. 226). Three years of discussions in the municipal authorities had not succeeded in what emerged a consensus. On the contrary, after a heading change of one of the actors, the positions had become more and more rigid (cf. chapter 5, 2.2.1.1 , p. 246). In order to exceed this institutional blockage, the majority coalition composed of the party Die Grunen (ecologist) and the social democrats (SPD) appealed in June 2007 has the (Forschungsstelle fur Burgerbeteiligung to put in place a series of juries on the subject. It was therefore in a political framework to develop an important agonistic lock of the procedure " classic " on decision-making. The parties shall use the model in the last instance. A point of view of the more general context, this experience is also interesting because it symbolically completed a long cycle of the history of the Planungszelle. In effect, not only the project is the first to deal with household waste after those Schwelm business unit (the first practical implementation of the model in 1972), but it also constitutes the first series of Planungszellen in Germany after the death of Dienel, which raises the question of the holding of methodological standards. 222 5. Operationalization of research: Aachen and Poitiers 5.2 .2Progress of the project 5.2.2 .1Preparatory Phase and framing of the topic The municipal council of the city of Aachen has taken the august 22, 2007 the decision to use the model Planungszelle and has entrusted the implementation of the project at the center for research on citizen participation of the university of Wuppertal. The latter has invited the citizens, stakeholders, put in place the program and infrastructure. The objective was for the 100 participants to consider the format that should take the pricing system on 1 January 2009 based on three questions: should we change the system of pricing for a fairer system of allocation of costs and, if yes, how? How to integrate an ecological dimension in the pricing structure? How can I reduce the tax95 ? It was, therefore, not subject to fix the amount but to see how to allocate the cost of garbage collection on the whole of the population and according to what calculation key. 5.2.2 .2realization Phase Two juries have headquarters from 12 to 15 November and two others from 19 to 22 around four thematic blocks (cf. illustration 36, p. 227). The first day was devoted to an introduction to the concepts in play, the second was mainly organized around the legal and financial issues, the third was concentrated on the specific interests and policies. Finally the last was devoted to work on the final recommendations. The citizens have been partly eligible for training leave continues to take part in the debates. They received a compensation of 130 euros for the four days and in a few special cases, compensation for loss of wages have been negotiated. As in any Planungszelle, the sessions of presentation in plenary have alternates with the work sessions in small group deliberative around one or several questions used to red wire. Issues on which we will return in the next chapter. 95Moderationsanweisungen, p. 5: " Die Burger/Innen in den Planungszellen aussi haben die Aufgaben zu entscheiden, ob und wie Mullgebuhren: gerechter als bisher aufzuschlusseln sind; starker als bislang unter okologischen Gesichtspunkten zu bemessen sind; verringert werden konnen. ≪ 223 Chapter 4: The Planungszelle and the jury of citizens, two models aleatoriens paradigmatic 5.2.2 .3Phase of evaluation and monitoring Following the eight days of work, the team of the university brought together the recommendations made by the citizens and in achieved a synthesis in the form of a report citizen (cf. illustration 33, p. 225). A first version of the latter has been sent the second week of January has four participants by jury who have read and corrected. The report was then edited has 500 copies during the second week of February. Finally, it has been formally handed over to the authorities sponsors during a public ceremony at the town hall, the February 26, 2008. On this occasion, the mayor of the city said to want to take into account a maximum of recommendations. We will see later what happened to this statement. 5.2 .3The role of the circulation within the project The draw has played a dual role. Firstly it has been used to choose the potential participants. The FBPUW has requested and received from the city of Aachen an excerpt of 1000 names taken on the lists of municipal residents. The latter have received an invitation from the Aachener Stadtbetrieb, the communal governance which manages garbage collection in the city. Secondly, the drawing has been used to divide the participants into small working groups during the course of the same Planungszellen so everyone is working with a maximum of other participants. 224 5. Operationalization of research: Aachen and Poitiers
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Calculation of the tax - model has a column Calculation of the tax - model has three columns Calculation of the tax - model has two columns Model has a column, example of three homes for the year 200796 Model has three columns, example of three homes for 2007 Model has two columns, example of three homes for 2007 Illustration 35: Calculation of the tax depending on the pricing model with three examples for 2007. 96The three homes represent three cases " typical " on : the focus 1 is a family living outside in a detached house, the home 2 represents a house with several families (one can divide the tax by two in order to have the sum per family) and the home 3 is for example a set of apartments in the city center (you can divide the tax by six for having the sum per family). We see how the tax changes depending on the model: in the model has a column that is the home 1 who paid the least, in the one has three, it is the focal point 3. Monday Tuesday
Wednesday Thursday
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