Otto-suhr-institute

Le Teil 2: Aachen und Poitiers, die Theory auf dem Prüfstand ........................................ 494

'Pralatenwein' 4: Planungszelle und jury citizen: zwei ALLE MODELLE der Demokratie aleatorischen ........... 496

Kurzer Uberblick einer Renaissance ................................................................................ 496

Planungszelle und Citizens Jury als a Pioneer der Minipopuli ....................................... 496

1969 - 1979: "Neue Entwicklungen fordern ein neues Instrumentarium" .................. 497

1980 - 1991: zwischen begrenzter Verbreitung und Vorzeigeprojekten ....................... 499

1992 - 2002: partizipativer Boom und Anerkennung ausländischer Flüchtlinge international ............................ 500

2002 - 2011: 'und Beginn eines neuen Zyklus ................................................... 502

Begrundung der Auswahl der Planungszelle und der jury citizen .................................... 504

Die Vermehrung und Verbreitung der ALLE MODELLE von Minipopuli ................................. 504

Planungszelle und jury citizen als geeignete Instrumented der Forschung .................. 507

8

Aachen und Poitiers: Prasentation und Begrundung der empirischen Forschungsfelder ... 508

Begrundung der Auswahl ............................................................................................ 508

Eine neue Mullgebuhrensatzung fur die Stadt Aachen ................................................. 508

Evaluierung der regionalen Klimapolitik der Poitou-Charentes Region ....................... 510

'Pralatenwein' 5: Aachen und Poitiers: die Theory in Aktion? ............................................................ 512

Method ................................................................................................................................ 512

Teilnehmende Beobachtung (A1 - A2 / P1 - P2) .................................................. 512

Schriftliche Evaluierung (P2) ..................................................................................... 512

Interviews (A2 - A3 - A4 / P3 - P4 - P5) ............................................................................. 513

Dokumentanalyse (A5 / P6) .............................................................................................. 513

Nacherhebung (A6 / P7) ............................................................................................. 513

Anpassung der Erwartungen year das Forschungsfeld .................................................... 513

Reprasentieren durch das Los und die Deliberation ............................................................. 514

Eine Stellvertretung, die tatsachlich reprasentativer ist .................................. 514

Die Reprasentation der basis in den Minipopuli ................................................. 516

Eine ausreichende accountability ...................................................................................... 518

Partizipieren durch das Los und die Deliberation ............................................................. 519

Gone, nicht jeder: "We have a small piece of the world has our table" .......................... 520

"The opinion of Mr. tout-le-monde?" .................................................................................... 521

Die Minipopuli als Ort der Selbstbefahigung .............................................................. 522

Die "entscheidende Wahlerin" .................................................................................... 524

Der Minipopulus als neue Minigesellschaft? .................................................................... 525

Die tatsachliche Macht der ausgelosten Burgerinnen ................................................. 525

Die Legitimitat ............................................................................................................ 527

Eine neue Gesellschaft ohne "neue Menschen" ........................................................ 529

Fazit........................................................................................................................... 531

'Pralatenwein' 6: Umrisse einer aleatorischen Politik .................................................................... 532

Von Hagen bis Sydney, von Vancouver bis Wenling: das Potential der Minipopuli .......... 532

Method .................................................................................................................... 532

Ergebnisse .................................................................................................................. 533

Welches institutional Design fur die Minipopuli? ............................................................ 536

Schwachen und best practices .................................................................................... 536

Hin zu erneuerten Qualitatsstandards ......................................................................... 537

9

Offener Kanal Fragen .............................................................................................................. 541

Realisierungsbedingungen der aleatorischen Politik ........................................................... 541

Ist der servers are restarted] Wandel wunschenswert? ...................................................................................... 541

Ist der servers are restarted] Wandel erwunscht? ........................................................................................... 542

Welche Agenda fur die Theory der aleatorischen Demokratie? ....................................... 544

Szenarien of Wandels ............................................................................................... 544

Neue theoretische und empirische Forschungsfragen ................................................. 545

Fazit...........................................................................................................................

10

Table of illustrations

Table of illustrations

Illustration 1: The procedural block ...................................................................................................... 39

Illustration 2: Divination by the spells (kleromanteia) in the presence of Athena - in this case, lithobolie or jet stones. Source: Wikimedia ..................................................................................................... 44

Illustration 3: The different procedures of choice. ............................................................................ 44

Illustration 4: The kleroteria machine or a pull to the fate. Photo Credit MR. Girod-Laine .......... 49

Illustration 5: representativeness and weak law of large numbers, an example ...................................... 50

Illustration 6: The random moment or Palos is surrounded by precautions deterministic and intentional aimed a check the procedure and whittle away the contents of the random draw. ............................................ 53

Illustration 7: The goddess Fortuna. Source: Wikimedia ............................................................................................. 65

Illustration 8: The types of hardware operations, summary. ........................................................ 78

Illustration 9: The prototype as a result of the cross between a hardware operation of drawing and a way to justify and interpret slights ............................................................................................. 79

Illustration 10: The procedure of choice as the result of a hardware operation and of an intellectual operation. ................................................................................................................................

Illustration 11: Summary of prototypes. The question marks correspond to the crossovers either unlikely either for which it has not yet found a prototype. ............................................. 87

Illustration 12: thematic distribution of the texts of the corpus .................................................................... 95

Illustration 13: Calculation of the density of the matrix of citations. ........................................................ 96

Illustration 14: Summary of proposals concerning the sortition of legislative items .......................... 113

Illustration 15: Evolution of the number of annual publications. .......................................................... 115

Illustration 16: cumulation of annual publications .................................................................................. 116

Illustration 17: The annual number of cross-citations ......................................................................... 117

Illustration 18: Cumulative cross-citations ............................................................................................... 117

Illustration 19: annual share in % of written quotations and cross ................................................ 117

Illustration 20: Relation between the share of writings and share of cross-citations. A negative number indicates that the number of cross-citations is proportionately greater than that of publications ....... 118

Illustration 21: Rate of intercitation and annual average in % ................................................................... 118

Illustration 22: Density of the matrix of citations .............................................................................. 119

Illustration 23: centrality of publications ........................................................................................... 119

Illustration 24: centrality of the authors ................................................................................................. 120

Illustration 25: The Matthew effect: number of citations received by the authors of the matrix ................ 120

Illustration 26: relative share of types of texts in the corpus ............................................................ 122

Illustration 27: Dienel (dr.) and his collaborators before the models proposed by the citizens during the project on the future of the city center of Cologne - 1980 ......................................................................... 198

Figure 28: Number of projects of Planungszellen in Germany. Own Calculations ......................................... 201

Illustration 29: Number of Planungszellen in Germany. Own Calculations ........................................ 201

Illustration 30: Estimate of the number of Planungszellen, Citizens Juries and derivatives in the world. Cal11

Table of illustrations

Cul propres.........................................................................................................................

Illustration 31: Members of the German network of promoters. Own Calculations ....................................... 203

Illustration 32: The dissemination of mini-public. ................................................................................ 215

Illustration 33: The report citizen ................................................................................................... 225

Illustration 34: The rehabilitation of the Burgergutachten has Aix-la-Chapelle: In the background, the participants. Before has left the mayor of Aix-la-Chapelle. Right H. Lietzmann of the FBPUW .............................. 225

Illustration 35: Calculation of the tax depending on the pricing model with three examples for 2007.

................................................................................................................................

Illustration 36: The program of work of the Planungszellen ............................................................ 227

Illustration 37: The official handover of the opinion (right to left: two participants, the chairman of the regional council, the vice-president in charge of the environment and the vice-president in charge of democracy). ................................................................................................................................

Illustration 38: The program of work of the jury of citizens of Poitou-Charentes .................................. 231

Illustration 39: Place of residence of the persons interviewed in Poitou-Charentes .............................. 239

Illustration 40: geographical origin of participants has Aix-la-Chapelle .......................................... 241

Illustration 41: geographical origin of participants in Poitou-Charentes ...................................... 242

Illustration 42: population structure of participants has Aix-la-Chapelle ..................................... 243

Illustration 43: population structure of participants in Poitou-Charentes ................................. 243

Illustration 44: distribution by gender of the participants has Aix-la-Chapelle. ........................................ 243

Figure 45: distribution by gender of the participants in Poitou-Charentes ....................................... 244

Illustration 46: occupational distribution of participants in Poitou-Charentes ....................... 244

Illustration 47: feeling of participants on their representativeness. ................................................. 245

Illustration 48: presumed Interests and/or defended by the actors has Aix-la-Chapelle ............................ 249

Illustration 49: presumed Interests and/or defended by the actors in Poitou-Charentes ....................... 250

Illustration 50: the citizens at work has Aix-la-Chapelle ................................................................. 253

Illustration 51: evaluation Questionnaire of the jury citizen picto-charentais ...................................... 255

Illustration 52: Title for a plan of action has Aix-la-Chapelle: " that sorts, benefited! ≪............................... 258

Illustration 53: a proposal which exceeds the mandate is the favorite of the participants (in down on the sheet rajoutee).......................................................................................................................

Illustration 54: Example of questionnaire for the work in a small group. ......................................... 266

Illustration 55: a participant has Poitiers, working on " the climate crisis " on. ............................ 276

Illustration 56: Activity socio-political participants .................................................................... 286

Illustration 57: Aix-la-Chapelle. The recommendations of the citizens and their implementation ................ 291

Illustration 58: Associations between drawing, vote and a series of concept ................................................ 302

Figure 59: Summary of the results of the empirical study ........................................................... 311

Illustration 60: Corpus of empirical studies of mini-publics .............................................................. 315

Illustration 61: Criteria of qualities for the mini-publics .................................................................. 329

Illustration 62: Prototypes of procedures of choice. .......................................................................... 358

Figure 63: Estimated number of Planungszellen, Citizens Juries and derivatives. Detail by country. 12

Table of illustrations

Calculations propres.........................................................................................................................

Illustration 64: French Experiences of conferences of citizens. Estimate the 04.01.10 . 400 .............

Abbildung 65: Die Unterschiede zwischen den Auswahlverfahren. ................................................... 443

Abbildung 66: Der prozedurale Block ....................................................................................................................... 444

Abbildung 67: Fortuna. What: Wikimedia ....................................................................................... 454

Abbildung 68: Die Prototypen of Losverfahrens. Fragezeichen bedeuten, dass kein passender Prototyp wurde........................................................................................................................... stations are included in

Abbildung 69: Verteilung der Text der : inleidende studie ........................................................................................ 466

Abbildung 70: Deskriptive Text - Zusammenfassung ....................................................................... 468

Abbildung 71: Ubersicht der Vorschlage fur die Sortition der legislativen Posten ............................... 472

Abbildung 72: Can be sampled again der Publikationen pro Jahr ............................................................................ 474

Abbildung 73: Can be sampled again der Publikationen insgesamt .......................................................................... 475

Abbildung 74: Can be sampled again der Publikationen, thematisch geordnet ............................................................ 475

Abbildung 75: Dichte der Zitationsmatrix ............................................................................................. 476

Abbildung 76: Zahl der wechselweisen Zitationen pro Jahr ................................................................... 476

Abbildung 77: Zahl der Zitationen wechselweisen insgesamt ............................................................. 476

Abbildung 78: Rate der wechselweisen Zitationen in Prozent ............................................................. 477

Abbildung 79: Zentralitat der Veroffentlichungen ............................................................................. 477

Abbildung 80: Zentralitat der Autorinnen ............................................................................................. 477

Abbildung 81: Can be sampled again der Planungszellen in Deutschland. PROGRAMNAME Berechnung .................................. 500

Abbildung 82: Can be sampled again der Planungszellen-Projekte in Deutschland. PROGRAMNAME Berechnung .................... 501

Abbildung 83: Can be sampled again der Planungszellen, Citizens Juries und Ableitungen you can look up SAES. Schatzung.. 501

Abbildung 84: Die Arbeit in der Planungszelle ................................................................................... 509

Abbildung 85: Geographische Verteilung der Teilnehmenden in Poitou-Charentes .............................. 515

Abbildung 86: Altersstruktur der Teilnehmenden in Aachen .............................................................. 515

Abbildung 87: Altersstruktur der Teilnehmenden in Poitou-Charentes . ............................................. 515

Abbildung 88: Berufssoziologisches Profile der franzosischen Teilnehmenden ..................................... 516

Abbildung 89: Gefuhlte Reprasentativitat der Teilnehmenden. ............................................................ 516

Abbildung 90: Vertretene / angenommene Basis der Akteure in Aachen ...................................... 517

Abbildung 91: Vertretene / angenommene Basis der Akteure in Poitou-Charentes ....................... 517

Abbildung 92: Commitment der Teilnehmenden ................................................................................ 525

Abbildung 93: Die Ubergabe of Burgergutachtens in Poitiers. Von Links nach Rechts: Die Vize-Prasidentin as Demokratie, die Vize-Prasidentin fur Umweltfragen, die Prasidentin, und zwei Teilnehmerinnen ...............................................................................................................

................................... 528

Abbildung 94: Korpus der Falle , und' rules on advertising by fur die Kontextualisierung ....................................... 533

Abbildung 95: Zusammenfassung der Qualitatskriterien fur die Minipopuli ....................................... 540

Abbildung 96: Prototypen von Auswahlverfahren. ........................................................................... 549

13
Kind

Kind

Make a co-guardianship has collateral effects interesting. I had written my memory of end of studies entirely in the masculine, by setting aside the question of the kind by a short preliminary remark and was referring to citizens. My studies and my research in Germany have taught me has use the form double, that of BurgerInnen. By returning to France for my memory of master i was using then in French the form citizens-born, more consistent but widely more complex has employ due to the agreement of adjectives in French. In the articles published since I have been in the habit - what a coincidence - to solve the problem by a drawing of lots. For the thesis, the workpiece has turned once again, and it is finally the male who is out. The German text is written with the female form. 15

Summary

Summary

The thesis takes as field of investigation a corpus of texts in which are located the proposals for introduction of the draw in politics and poses the question of their consistency and of their relevance: the publications do they form a whole that could be described as " theory of democracy " on random ? If yes, the expectations formulated by its proponents vis-a-vis the practice are utopian or, on the contrary, are they carried out in experiments using the draw of participants, such as the " mini-public " on ? The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the corpus leads to the conclusion that was well case was the emergence of a theory which is built around a frame was debate collective and common set of expectations: the draw would be the solution to the crises damning the liberal democracies. Its use would achieve a better formal representation and substantial, a participation qualitatively and quantitatively increased, and reorganize the democracy on a new legitimacy, more procedural and dynamic. The thesis then answered the second question in passing the theory to the test bench of the practice of a Planungszelle and a jury of citizens, two models of mini-public in which citizens are recruited by drawing in order to develop recommendations for public policy. The empirical survey qualitative allows you to move forward that most of the expectations are fulfilled, but in a framework has limited scope, which raises the dual question of conditions of realization of the theory and of the possibilities of improving systems for mini-public through a new institutional engineering.

Keywords: prize draw, sortition, democracy theory random, mini-public, deliberative democracy, participatory democracy, Planungszelle, Citizens Jury, jury of citizens.

17

Abstract

The field of investigation of this thesis is a corpus of texts containing proposals for the introduction of random selection schemes in politics. The thesis questions the relevance and coherence of argument texts: do the publications form a theoretical whole that could be equivalent labelled as a "theory of aleatory democracy"? If so, do the expectations raised by its supporters remain merely utopian gold do they stand the test of the political practice? The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the text corpus leads to the conclusion that we are in fact dealing with the emergence of a theory and that tea we provide assay services authors develop a common frame was debate and common expectations: the use of random selection in politics could be a solution to overcome the crises of liberal democracies. Its use would allow a better formal and substantiel representation, has qualitatively and quantitatively anacronym participation, and give birth to a new, more procedural and dynamic form of legitimacy. Thesis expectations are then tested with the help of two mini-public, that is to say, experiments in participatory democracy that use random selection to recruit their participants: has Planungszelle and a Citizens' Jury. The qualitative empirical investigation shows that most of the expectations are Yorkers, although only in a limited geographical, social and political frame. Thesis results raise the double issue of the conditions for the realization of the theory and of the possible improvement of the mini-public mechanisms through institutional engineering.

Keywords: random selection, sortition, theory of aleatory democracy, mini-public, deliberative democracy, participatory democracy, Planungszelle, Citizens Jury, jury of citizens.

Foreword

Foreword

This is in May 2001, either there are more than ten years that I have been for the first time faced in the prize draw in politics, when going from one room of course has the other i fell on a poster announcing a conference of " Roger Sizif ≪, at the center of which was the following text:

Stochocratie, n.c. Polit. : System in which parliamentarians and rulers are designated by the drawing of lots. This system, invented in France at the end of the twentieth century, was gradually adopted by the western countries as a whole, the fact of its excellence and its effectiveness. Syn. Democracy-loto, lotocratie. ≪ Extract from the universal Dictionary of the twenty-first century.

The idea attracts me immediately and i decided to go see this conference. Unfortunately, it was already passed since a week. The subject, him, continua has me work ; a tel point elsewhere that i decided to make it the theme of my memory of end of study two years later, pompously entitled " The democratic stochocratie: proposal to resolve the crises of liberal democracy and achieve has a regime truly democratic " on. The latter - headed by Claire Conte and " Roger of Sizif ≪ itself - ended by the next call: " Stochocrates of all countries let us all unite! Let the revolution stochocratique! ≪

This impassioned appeal had in fact nothing new and, without knowing it, I was only reinvent as others before and after me a frame was debate that I have finished by define in this thesis as " theory of democracy random ≪. Numbers of academics but also citizens have in effect, based on the ancient democracy or the republics venetian and florentine, handed over in debate to the question of election as monopolistic tool of choice of representatives and have proposed to reintroduce the draw in the methodological arsenal of the democratic party. On arriving in Germany the following year, I put in head to begin a thesis on what i much managerial astuteness in the meantime the " neodemocratie " and which was to be the continuation of the work of memory. Two major elements have yet given a tower entirely new has this project. First, I began to discover the works such as those of John Burnheim and Barbara Goodwin, who opened a world undreamt of research and reflections on the draw in politics. The " stochocrates ≪ existed, under the name of kleroterions, a mailing list by electronic mail bringing together a 21

Foreword

Small number of interested and founded by off remarks": Conall Boyle in 2004. And each year brought her batch of new texts supporters and exploratory which were worth the trouble to be approaches under a systematic angle. Secondly, I realized by a happy coincidence that existed in Germany for more than thirty years a model of democracy in which the selection of participants was done by lot: the Planungszelle. Once again, opened a field full of research and experiments which, beyond the " planning cell " on, comprised a series of process gathered today under the term of " mini-public " on. I'd come in contact with the network of promoters of the German model and learned to know the practice of Planungszellen. The confrontation of these two worlds made me appear with great fanfare that they were very little related. The cross search between the theoretical and empirical approaches were rare; but above all, the question of the consistency and relevance of the theory of the draw on the ground was not asked even when the experiments suitable for the test were booming: my thesis subject was born.

Today, the mailing list has been thought, the research on participatory democracy have flourished, those on the printout are exponentially developed and approaches crossing theory and practice of the draw are proliferating. For my part I have learned to take a critical position vis-a-vis the drawing tool. The enthusiasm of departure is still present, but if I consider the kleros as a valid instrument in the palette of democratic procedures, it does seem to me for a long time more as the miracle solution to the challenges of democracy of the twenty-first century. This is the great contribution that has given me this research work.

***

The whole of the work would not have been made possible without the support of my two research directors, Gerhard Gohler of 2004 and Gil Delannoi from 2005 onwards. Their critical remarks have enabled me to make progress in the definition of my object of research, in my methods, in my reflection on the draw and in the learning of the scientific method. In this context, I would also like to thank Danielle Cabanis' dream which allowed me to follow a master opening the doors of the enrollment in thesis in France.

I had not originally planned to carry out an empirical study, but the meeting of actors of land in France and in Germany has prompted me to do this not. In Germany, Susanne Buy link22

Foreword

Berg, Marc Schulz and Hans Lietzman i was greatly helped and supported in the monitoring and study of Planungszellen of Aix-la-Chapelle. Marion Ben-Hammo , Sophie Bouchet-Petersen , the team of public tasks as well as Yves Sintomer, I have launched and then accompanied on the runway of the jury picto-charentais and on the roads in the area during my interviews. It is the occasion to thank all the participants to the two experiences with which I have been able to exchange during the sessions and which I have for many of them and greeted them for talks and se are submitted in good grace in the inquiry in writing then.

The family Dienel, Hans-Liudger Dienel in particular, has offered me the unique opportunity to be able to work in the bottom of Peter Dienel has Elstal. This work of literature review and cataloguing, albeit that imposing by the quantity of material (120 cartons of moves) has helped me to understand the history of the emergence and dissemination of mini-public by the prism of one of the major players in their development. The seminar of Elstal has made this research possible in welcoming the bottom and me putting its material means a provision.

The Kleroterions have played a central role in the evolution of my research, they should be thanked here, any specially Connall Boyle who helped me in a lot of translations into English, but also Barbara Goodwin, Oliver Dowlen, Peter Stone and Hubertus Buchstein. My interest for the Planungszelle was first awakened by Peter Dienel, optimistic drinker that I had the chance to know. During our first meeting, he asked me if I wanted to translate his book of 1978 in French to publicize better the Planungszelle in France. The project has not yet been completed, but the work done on the manuscript did much to advance my knowledge on the model and its employment. The group of promoters of the Planungszelle has also been a fruitful forum of exchange, i think including a Hilmar Sturm, Benno trutken and Ilse Burgass. On the other side of the Atlantic, my thanks go to Ned Crosby with which I have been able to exchange in long e-mails on the emergence and development of Citizens Juries.

Beyond these exchanges, work has fed countless discussions between friends on the draw and democracy and valuable corrections, critical remarks and readings working versions of the thesis. For its support day after day and for more than three years I want especially to thank Sara Iglesias. For their presence despite the distance, my parents and my family. Maximilian Girod-Laine , Chi-Huy Tran, Marius Haber23

Foreword

Land, Nicolas Schaeffer, Karen Schierhorn, Lisa Carstensen and Anna Langenbruch who have read and reread my text in French and patiently corrected my german up until the last day.

If the scientific work feeds on discussions, the scientist must him to eat, just short. That is why I again thank my parents for their financial support, the orna (Interdisciplinary Center for Study and Research on Germany) for his scholarship of short duration, the Heinrich-Boll foundation who granted me a research grant of three years as well as the Region of Ile-de-France through its device SETCI (Support has the framework of thesis in International Doctoral) which have helped to carry out the project. 24

Introduction

A renaissance

We observed since a quarantine of years the publication of texts of more and more many dealing with the prize draw as a method of selection and distribution. A part of the studies is of a historical nature and traces the jobs gone from what the Ancient Greeks were appointing kleros, the venetians of the brevia renaissance and the Spaniards from the time of the Reconquista , insaculacion. Another group of texts is interested in drawing in more exploratory and seeks to understand the logic, the nature and the compares to other selection procedures such as the elective vote or the market. In a last set of publications, the authors of the texts take a position more committed and are supporters or even activists of the circulation: they propose to introduce, or rather to reintroduce, the draw policy to distribute goods rare, important political positions, or even to take decisions1.

This development represents a sort of " renaissance ". The draw, after a long eclipse in practice stretching of the liberal revolutions of the 17th century until the end of 1960 becomes little has little a center of interest of the academic research. What is equally exciting is that publications which it is question here are very close to each other in their construction was debate and their corpus of examples and historical references, but have - until very recently - developed in a manner largely independent of each other. The authors cite very few conversely and do not seem to consider - and be considered - as a coherent whole, as part of a common corpus. It is this paradox that emerged from the first issue of the thesis: the multiplication of research and publications on the draw does it mean that emerges from a theory of the prize draw in politics, consisting of a common foundation of references, of anything economically exploitable frames shared and similar expectations vis-a-vis the political practice?

1The term policy will be taken here in a broad sense including both the distribution of scarce resources that the process of collective decision-making has mandatory character.

Introduction

In addition, in the political practice, the drawing seems to have been reborn from its ashes. Since the end of the second world war, it has been, and is still used, to distribute goods rare such that of organs, to select of conscripts, to distribute permissions to stay, social housing or admissions to the university. He has also been a new employee to select of the citizens in order to occupy political posts in the framework of models that were grouped today under the designation of " mini-public " on. However, and this is still an interesting paradox, the renaissance of the practice that observed for forty years is long performed very independently of the theory. When Peter Dienel shall meet in 1973 for the first time, a group of 25 citizens learned the fate on the registers of inhabitants of the town of Schwelm business unit in order to discuss the garbage, he does not know that Robert Dahl had proposed three years earlier, in a book published in the United States, the creation of a deliberative assembly pulled to the fate. And this same Dahl does not mention in 1987, when he reformulated more precisely its proposal by qualifying it as a " mini-populus ≪ that the Planungszelle of Dienel has already been used a hundred times in Germany. And yet in both cases, it is a matter of combining of citizens by the drawing of lots to deliberate on the policy and make recommendations. It was the intuition that the reasons are relatives, that the expectations and motivations of the practice from sticking to those developed in the theory. It is from this observation that is born the second research question of the present work: the mini-public could they be a privileged terrain to test the theory of the prize draw in politics, if there is such a theory exists?

Research Question

By putting in parallel the two questions that I have just been present, it is in a position to formulate the overall question of the thesis: the proposals of the reintroduction of the draw in politics which has been increasing for a quarantine of years are they only of modern utopias or do they have a real potential for the future of the liberal democracies? And do they get the test bench of the practice? It is as well to put in the center of the work the whole discursive constituted by the proposals pro-drawing in order to test their consistency and their relevance in the context of actual models of participation based on the draw.

26

Introduction

State of research

To this day, two publications only seem to have qualified the texts on the draw of coherent body. The first is an article by John Snider (2007) who called Yale School of Democratic Reform a group of sponsors around Dahl (1970) including for example Fishkin (1995) and O'Leary (2006). According to Snider, the main idea of this school of thought is that " a large, randomly selected sample of American voters could be brought together to deliberate in such a way that some of the most intractable problems of America's representative democracy could be solved " (Snider 2007, 3). Article of Snider is particularly interesting because it highlights very well before the frame was debate presented in a large part of texts supporters regarding the draw of representatives. He did not know however that the majority of the proposals are not derived from academic north-Americans and that the distribution of posts is not the only area of reflection of the supporters of the draw. These dimensions are however taken into account by the second publication, that of Buchstein (2009a) which qualified the whole text of aleatorische Demokratietheorie - theory of democracy random - and which he defines as " normative ein Projekt mit dem Ziel, die Rationalitatspotentiale of Zufallsprinzips as modern Demokratien nutzbar zu machen " (Buchstein 2009a, 343). The approach of Buchstein, more broad and comprehensive terms, represents a solid basis for the purpose of answering the first research question, the one concerning the emergence of a theory of the prize draw in politics, but should be supplemented and deepened by a more systematic approach given that his approach is not quantitative and thus ignores a part of publications.

The question of the relevance of the mini-public as a tool for testing the proposals of random democracy was for the first time dealt with by Carson & Martin (1999) which, starting from the proposal of " demarchie ≪ formulated by Burnheim (1985) mobilizing then their experience of facilitators of mini-public (Citizens' Juries) in the aim to prove the merits of the theoretical construction. The comparable publications post resume the same schema in starting the more often in the history of the drawing before to be interested in the mini-public who are regarded as being the contemporary application the most promising of the principle of the prize draw. This is for example the case of Schmidt (2001) or Sintomer (2007). Other publications are opting for a reverse pattern and begin by dealing with the mini-public as an instrument of participatory democracy and deliberative before formulating a 27

Introduction

Theoretical proposal more ambitious (Gastil 2000 ; Ackermann & Fishkin 2004). Considered in their entirety, these publications reinforce the intuition that the mini-public could be a suitable field test. But they earn has be supplemented because most take as input door the theory of deliberative democracy and leave to one side of the central concerns expressed in the theoretical propositions of the theory of democracy random, what we will see in detail in the work.

Finally, the overall question of the potential of the prize draw in the liberal democracies has been recently addressed by the books of Dowlen (2008a) or Stone (2011) and more generally by all the sponsors supporters of the draw but has not yet received a response based on an empirical study. That is why it is the center of interest of this research work.

Approach and Methodology

The crossover approach the political theory and political science empirical in order to test the theoretical expectations grace has the qualitative study of two models with recourse to the prize draw. From a methodological point of view we decided to alternate between an inductive approach and deductive method: the process of research has thus begins with the census and the reading of the theoretical propositions, continued with two field studies conducted of inductive manner, before building the theory in student quantitatively and qualitatively the corpus of theoretical texts and then analyze the empirical material in view of the expectations and assumptions contained in the theory. Finally, a subsequent investigation has enabled us to complete the empirical study of deductive. More specifically, the thesis mobilized four methodological tools corresponding to the successive questions of the work.

The first chapter of the thesis takes the form of a typological work inspired by the linguistic theory of prototypes (Rosch 1973 ; 1978), defined as " a medium form, characterized by the attributes the more typical ≪ (Girard 2006, 296) in order to propose a classification dynamic and flexible forms of draw on the basis of the existing typologies, as they are intrinsic (Sher 1980; Goodwin 2005), procedural (Bromberger & Ravis 1987; Elster 1987), functional (Buchstein 2009a) or combined (Delannoi 2010 ; Sintomer 2007). This work will provide the analytical basis for entering, to order and to put in relationship the forms of drawing that we will meet in the course of the work as a whole. 28

Introduction

The second methodological tool mobilized in the thesis, and which constitutes the object second chapter, is the scientometrie, that is to say the " measure of scientific activity in a particular area " (Gingras 2008, 3). It will be the basis of the quantitative study to answer the question of the existence of a coherent body of texts dealing with the draw. This analysis, corresponding to the second chapter, will be in two distinct steps. We will begin by identifying inductive manner all of the texts having to main subject the draw in order to build a database of 318 texts which, once cleaned of duplicates (multiple publications of the same book or translations), of gray literature (manuscripts) as well as of the earlier texts has 1945 will constitute a corpus of 205 texts. These will be then submitted has a bibliometric study systematic (Havemann 2009) which will confirm, from a quantitative point of view, the assumption of the existence of a theory of democracy random.

We can then, in the third chapter, to apprehend in qualitative as the corpus of texts and we will restrict to do this the examination to the proposals concerning the drawing of political posts because they are the most numerous and that they present the spectrum of arguments and expectations the more broad. The study will see that the speech of the sponsors supporters of the drawing may be densified in the form of theory which we will detail the presuppositions, the frame was debate and hopes vis-a-vis the practice.

This theory of democracy random may then be passed to the test bench of the practice through an empirical study which will constitute the second part of the thesis and will begin logically by the identification of a suitable land in the fourth chapter. We will blaze has this effect the field of jobs contemporaries of the drawing before to focus on the uses of type mini-public in due first to the affinity between theory of democracy and random mini-public that we will put in before. This choice also based on the fact that the majority of the proposals concern of deliberative posts and on the observation that the distribution of posts is a phenomenon which has truly undergone a renaissance since the end of the second world war, while most of the other practices have existed without interruption since longer. Finally, the mini-public are complex constructions which allow you to test a wide range of theoretical expectations. The choice of specific models and areas of research in the category of mini-public will be successfully carried out by the detour of a study of dissemination of social innovations inspired 29

Introduction

The approach of Rogers (2003), based on the results of the archive, and the indexation of the substance Peter Dienel constitutes of documents on the Planungszelle but also on all the variations of mini-public because of the centrality of this researcher in the field. We will choose then informed the Planungszelle and the jury of citizens as test patterns. The first for its pioneering nature, standardized, history and because it remains the most employee has this day and the second for its youth, its aspect strongly hybrid, its character of first in France (policy evaluation) and its anchor in a political context and different discursive (including its greater proximity with the theory of democracy random). Finally, attention will be given to the two lands forming the base of the empirical study.

Chapter five will be devoted to the project of Planungszelle " eine neue Abfallgebuhrensatzung as Aachen ≪2 achieved in 2007 has Aix-la-Chapelle and the jury citizen " assessment of regional action in the fight against climate change " organised by the regional council of Poitou-Charentes in 2008. The empirical study will be based on the counting of a qualitative survey comprising two participating observations carried out in November 2007 and June 2008, a series of 57 semi-structured interviews carried out with all the players present (participants, organizers, facilitators, politicians, administrative), two questionnaires (the first during the sequence of mini-public and the second respectively three years and two and a half years after) as well as a study of media impact and that an analysis of texts produced during the two projects (steering committees, record of sessions, Burgergutachten, opinion citizen, administrative documents and policies). The exploitation of the results of the survey will enable us to judge the achievement of the expectations of the theory within the limited framework of the two experiments.

In a last chapter, it will be to contextualise the empirical research by means of a comparative study by passing a twenties of experiences of mini-public similar to those of Aix-la-Chapelle and of Poitiers in the sieve of the grid of reading of chapter five. The result of this study will allow the formulation of recommendations for institutional engineering concerning the mini-public. We then continue the contextualization at the theoretical level by posing this time the question of conditions of realization of the theory of democracy random within liberal democracies before concluding on a possible research agenda in this area.

2" A new system of pricing of household garbage for Aix-la-Chapelle " on.

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