Oxford history of the christian church

Reference Works.

Further detail on sources and secondary material can be found in G. Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica, 2nd edn. (Berlin, 1958, the '3rd edn.' is a reprint), which covers a wide range of Greek source material; H.-G. Beck, Kirche und theologische Literatur im byzantinischen Reich (Munich, 1959); H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner, 2 vols. (Munich, 1978); F. Halkin, Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca, 3rd edn., 3 vols. (Brussels, 1957). These works have now largely taken the place of K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der by zantinischen Litteratur (527-1453), 2nd edn. (Munich, 1897) who listed and discussed the whole range of Byzantine sources available in his day. Guidance on specific points is found in F. Dölger, Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des oströmischen Reiches, pts. 1-5 (Munich and Berlin, 1924-65), pt. 3, 2nd edn. by P. Wirth (Munich, 1977); and for the patriarchate see Les Regestes des Actes du Patriarcat de Constantinople, V. Grumel, fasc. 1-3 (Paris, 1932-47), fasc. 1, 2nd edn. (Paris, 1972); fasc. 2-3, 2nd edn. J. Darrouzès (Paris, 1989); V. Laurent, fasc. 4 (Paris, 1971); and J. Darrouzès, fasc. 5-6 (Paris, 1977-9, in progress). On monastic regulations see P. de Meester (ed.), De monacho statu iuxta disciplinam byzantinam (Vatican, 1942). On canon law see the handbook of N. Milaš Das Kirchenrecht der morgenländischen Kirche, 2nd edn. (Mostar, 1905).

The French ecclesiastical dictionaries (some still in progress) contain valuable material, especially the Dictionnaire de droit canonique (Paris, 1935-65), the Dictionnaire de spiritualité (Paris, 1937-), the Dictionnaire de théologie catholique (Paris, 1905-50), and the Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (Paris, 1912-). All these should be supplemented by bibliography to date which is found in the annual international periodicals, especially Byzantinische Zeitschrift and Byzantinoslavica.

Addendum to Chapter 6:

M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204 (London, 1984), which reached me after this book was in the press, gives a brief introduction to life under the later Macedonians, the Comneni and the Angeli.

Glossary.

This gives some of the terms used in the text. In the field of administration if can only be an approximate guide since titles and functions changed during middle ages. Some of the chief ecclesiastical offices are described in Part II and a detailed guide to their development can be found in De Offikia.

Antidoron	The blessed (not the consecrated) bread Which is offered to all after the close of the Liturgy
Apocrisíarius	A papal or patriarchal legate
Azymes	Unleaved liturgical bread
Castellani	Governors or commanders of fortresses or strong- holds especially in Venetian-occupied territory
Despot	In the later period a title bestowed by the emperor on an honorary, an imperial prince or a virtually independent ruler
Diaconicon	The part of the sanctuary to the right of the altar; it was used as a sacrist where vessels and vestments were kept
Diptychs	Two-sided tablets on which the names of those commemorated during the Liturgy were written
Domestics	A wide range of imperial and ecclesiastical officials; the title 'Domestic' was followed by a description of the particular office, as Domestic of the Great Church or Domestic of the Cantors (the protop- saltes); the Grand Domestic was the commander-in- chief of the imperial army
Ecdiceion	An ecclesiastical tribunal with a wide range of duties, dealing with questions such as sanctuary, slaves, marriages; its terms of reference came to be much disputed, but it was not a judicial court
Exarch	An imperial provincial governor; a patriarchal visitor or representative
Grand ecclesiarch	title conferred on a leading official of the Great Church (late)
Great Church, the	Commonly used by the Byzantines for Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
Hegumenus	Head of a monastery
Hieromonk	Monk who was also a priest
Hieromnemon	Ecclesiastical official with liturgical functions; he took part in ordinations
Hypatus ton	title (consul) given to the head of the philosophical
philosophon	faculty in Constantinople
Koine	The form of the Greek language which was gener- ally used in the Mediterranean from late Hellenistic times onward; it should be distinguished from the more formal style which sought to reproduce classi- cal Attic
Logothete	Originally a financial official but the term came to be applied to a variety of offices; the Logothete of the Drome was in charge of communications and foreign affairs (middle period); the Grand Logo- thete was the highest imperial minister (late period)
Nomocanons	Collections of ecclesiastical rulings together with imperial laws (nomoi) bearing on church affairs
Nomophylax	title ('guardian of the laws') given to the head of the law faculty set up in Constantinople in the eleventh century, and in the late period to certain patriarchal officials
Novel	Imperial law
Papas (pl. papades)	A parish priest, often the village priest
Phiale	A paved and terraced courtyard or square with a fountain in the centre
Praepositi	Term often applied to chief functionaries; used of the heads of the conventual churches in Constanti- nople under the Latins, or (after 1204) to refugee bishops in respect of a diocese other than their own from which they drew revenue
Proedrus	President, applied to various positions as for in- stance 'President of the senate' (eleventh century)
Protoasecretis	Head of the imperial chancery
Protecdicos	Head of the ecdiceion (q.v.)
Prothesis	The part of the sanctuary to the left of the altar where the bread and wine for the Liturgy is pre- pared
Protospathar	Chief sword-bearer
Stauropegial	A monastery which came directly under the Patriarch; the 'cross-fixing' took place at the time of the foundation ceremony
Staurophoros	A very late title ('cross-bearing') applied to the leading officials of the Great Church
Syncellus	Originally the close associate of a bishop or Patriarch (lit. 'cell-companion'), then it became a title and fell out of use after the eleventh century
Theme	Originally a military division, then an administra- tive region or province
Varangians	Scandinavians or Northmen serving in Byzantium as mercenaries who formed a special imperial guard