O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi mirzo ulug’bek nomidagi o’zbekiston milliy universiteti

Alfavit ustida ishlash

Ingliz alfavitini ovoz chiqarib o’qing (jadvalga qarang) va yodlab oling.

Alfavitni yana bir o’qib chiqing va avval unli harflarni, keyin undosh harflarni ayting.

Quyidagi so’zlardagi harflarni nomma-nom aytib bering.

Date, fine, pole, tune, sport, own

O’qish qoidalari
Quyidagi so’zlarni o’qing. Unli harflar alfavitdagidek cho’ziq va qisqa o’qiladi:

,mineg — konchi, ,take— olmoq, ,smoke— chekmoq, ,try— harakat qilmoq, ,rich –boy, ,cut— kesmoq, ,wet — zax, nam, ,vote— ovoz, bermoq, ,bird — qush, ,thirty — o’ttiz, ,party — partiya.

O’qituvchi yordamida quyidagi jadvalni tahlil qiling va o’qing.

So’zlardagi urg’udan oldin turgan bo’g’inga ahamiyat bering.

Harf va harf birikmalari	O’qilishi (urg’udan oldin)	O’qituvchi birgaligida ishlash uchun misollar
a-	[ә]	ag,rarian (agrar), a,gain . (yana).
con-	[kәn]	con,struct (qurmoq), con,tainer (konteyner).
for-	[fә]	for,get (esdan chiqarmoq), for,esee (oldindan ko’rmoq).
sur-	[sә]	sur,prise (hayron qolmoq).
ge-	[d3i]	ge,ography. (jug’rofiya).
geo-	[d3siә]	geo, logical (geologik).
bi-	[bai]	bi,ology (biologiya). bio,graphy (tarjimai hol)
re-	[ri:]	re,pay (qaytadan to’lamoq)

O’qituvchi yordamida quyidagi jadvalni taxlil qiling va o’qing.

So’zlarning oxirini o’qilishiga ahamiyat bering.

Harf va harf birikmalari	So’z oxirida o’qilishi	O’qituvchi birgaligida ishlash uchun misollar
-er		,faster (tezroq), ,dinner (tushlik), sister (opa, singil)
-or	[-ә]	,doctor (doktor), o,rator (ma’ruzachi), oppresser (zolim)
-ar		,liar (yolg’onchi).
-our		,neighbour (qo’shni).

Harf va harf birikmalari	So’z oxirida o’qilishi	O’qituvchi birgaligida ishlash uchun misollar
-y	[i]	geology (geologiya), policy (siyosat), city (shahar), very (juda).
-ture	[-tfә]	picture (pacm), future (kelajak),
-sure	[3ә] [-Jә]	pleasure (mamnunlik), measure (o’lchov), pressure (6ocim)
-tion	[-Jәn]	station (bekat), election (caylov).
-sion	[-3әn] I-Jәn]	division (bo’lish), decision (qapop). pension (nafaqa), tension (tanglik)
-cial	[-Jәl]	official (ma’muriy), social (cotsial).
-gh	[in]	enough (etarli), cough (yo’tal), rough (qo’pol), laugh (qulmoq).
-tain	[-tin]	fountain (favvora), mountain (tog’).
-ous	[әs]	jealous (pashkchi), famous (taniqli).
-able	[әbl]	unbearable (chidab bo’lmaydigan), immovable (xapakatsiz).

Grammatika
Otlarda ko’plik

Ingliz tilida otlarda ko’plik –s (yoki -es) qo’shimchasini qo’shish bilan yasaladi. Jarangsiz undoshlardan keyin [s] deb, unli va sirg’aluvchi undosh tovushlardan keyin [s] deb o’qiladi:

text — texts [s], room — rooms [z], rass — rasses [iz]. Agar so’z -u harfiga tugasa, va -u harfidan oldin undosh bo’lsa, bunday so’zlarda -u harfi -i harfiga aylanadi va -es qo’shiladi, sity — sities [sitiz] (shahar- shaharlar).

So’z oxiridagi -u harfidan oldin unli kelsa, -u harfi o’zgar-maydi: dau-daus (deiz — (kun-kunlar).

So’zlar -f yoki -fe ga tugagan bo’lsa, -(e)s ko’plik qo’shimchasi qo’shilsa, f harfi v ga aylanadi: shelf-shelves [falvz] — (javon-javonlar), knife — knives [naivz] (pichoq-pichoqlar).

Ayrim otlardan ko’plik yasalganda, ularning o’zagidagi unli harf o’zgaradi.

man [mїn] — erkak, odam men [men] — erkaklar, odamlar

woman [wumen] — ayol women [wimәn] — ayollar

foot [fut] — oyoq feet [fi:t] — oyoqlar

tooth — tish teeth [ti:Ө] — tishlar

Grek va lotin tilidan kirib qolgan so’zlar o’zlarining ko’plik shakllarini saqlab qolgan.

Birlik Ko’plik
phenomenon [әn] — phenomena [ә] — hodisalar

hodisa, ko’rinish;

curriculum [әm] — reja, curricula [ә] — rejalar, dasturlar.

dastur,

analysis [is] — tahlil analysis [i:z] — tahlillar

datum [әm] — asos data [ә] — asoslar

Quyidagi savollarga javob bering

Qaysi otning ko’plik qo’shimchasi [z] deb talaffuz qilinadi?

maps, tests, peas, books.

Qaysi otga — es qo’shimchasini qo’shish bilan ko’plik yasaladi?

Book, farm, box, pen.

Qaysi ot ko’plikda — f harfining v ga aylanishidan yasaladi?

knife; stuff, cliff; muff.

Qaysi otda ko’plik — u harfi i ga aylanishidan yasaladi?

toy; family; day.

Qaysi otda ko’plik umumiy qoida bo’yicha yasaladi?

pencil; datum; plan; name.

Egalik olmoshlari

Egalik olmoshlari ikki xil shaklga ega: oddiy shakli otdan avval kelib aniqlovchi vazifasini bajaradi (my book)— mening kitobim) va egalik olmoshining mustaqil shakli ot o’rnida ishlatiladi;

My room is large Mening xonam katta.

Yours is larger Sizniki (xonangiz) kattroq.

Egalik olmoshlari
Oddiy shakli	Mustaqil shakli
my — mening his her uning its Our — bizning your — sizning their — ularning	mine — meniki, o’zimniki his hers uniki, o’ziniki its ours — bizniki, o’zimniki yours — sizninki. theirs – ularniki

who[hu:] — kim, whose [hu:z] — kimning, whom [hu:m] — kimni, kimga, kimdan, which [witj] — qaysi, qaysinisi, what [wәt] — nima, qaysi, qanday, qanaqa, va ravishlar:

where [wea] — qaerda, when [wen] — qachon, why [wai] nima, uchun, how [hau] — qanday
Hamma so’roq so’zlarni yod bilishingiz kerak.
Olmoshlarning qaysi biriga kishilik (1), egalik, (2), ko’rsatishi (3), so’roq, (4) olmoshlari qiladi?

his, I, he, them, me, you, this, what, who, those, it, their, our, her, its, us, that, whose, your, we, she, my.

Tagiga chizilgan olmoshlarning gapdagi vazifasini aniqlang:

1. He is in Tashkent now.

2. We send him to Moscow.

3. Pass me the ball, please.

To have The Indefinite Tenses da.
To have fe’li bor, ega bo’lmoq, egallamoq kabi ma’nolarni anglatadi, Present, Past va Future Tenses shakllari mavjud.

Present	Past	Future
I have He She has It	I He She had It	I shall have He She will have It
We you have They	We you had They	We shall have you will have They
Menda, unda, bizlarda, sizlarda, ularda bor.	Menda, unda, sizlarda bor edi.	Menda, sizda, ularda bor bo’ladi.

To have fe’li ishlatilgan gaplardan so’roq gap ikki xil tuziladi:

1. have egadan avval qo’yiladi.
Have you a brother? Sizning akangiz bormi?
2. To have fe’li supper, dinner, breakfast bilan kelganda so’roq gap tuzilishi uchun do (does) yordamchi fe’li qo’llaniladi.

When do you have Siz qachon nonushga qilasiz?

breakfast?

Bo’lishsiz gapda: a) no yoki not inkor so’zi ishlatiladi.

I have no book Mening kitobim yo’q

He has not (hasn't) a Uning oilasi yo’q

family

b) do (does) not don't, doesn't ishlatiladi.
They don't have breakfast Ular bugun mehmonxona

at the hotel today da nonushta qilmaydilar

Og’zaki nuqda Present Indefinite da have o’rnida have got ishlatiladi:

Have you got children? Sizning bolalaringiz?

I. I ... got a large family have

2. Jane ...got a lot of friends has

3. We ... a test last week had

4. Mary ... her English in the morning shall have

5. They .. so much work to do tomorrow will have

6. Ann ... good results in swimming last season
"He ... a nice room" gapida fe’lning qaysi shaklini qo’llaysiz?

has; have.

Qaysi gapda to have fe’lining has shaklini ishlatasiz?

1. We ... a long pencil

2. I ... a nice room

3. He ...a friend.

4. They ...a good friend.
“Bizning yaxshi xonamiz bor edi” degan gapga qaysi tarjima to’g’ri keladi?

1. You have a nice room.

2. We had a nice room.

Alternativ (tanlov) so’roq gapning tuzilish

Tanlov so’roq gap ikkita umumiy so’roq gapdan iborat bo’lib, unda ot (yoki, yo ) bog’lovchisi ishlatiladi va so’ralgan narsalardan birining nomini aytib javob qaytarish talab qilinadi. Bunday so’roq gapga to’liq javob berish kerak.