Page 1 Report Substrate Materials for intersectoral biogas strategy Foreword
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- Instrument Menu 2: "push"
- Instrument Menu 3: Energy
- Page 151 151 Review of possible new measures
- Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application
- Economic Informative Page 152
- Page 154 154 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material
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148 without such access. Simultaneously, the instrument does not prevent it from spreading too much organic fertilizer in some areas. A stricter manure care regulations than the current regulation with closer monitoring is considered the most appropriate means to prevent such eutrophication. A risk factor in this menu is that we assume that organic waste is delivered to biogas plants. Given that the street-fee'en for waste equals combustion, composting and Biogas treatment, there is no greater incentives for supplying organic waste to biogas treatment versus other treatment. Given that the feed-in-tariff is set high enough, even for biogas produced by wet organic waste, it is conceivable that this creates enough "pull" that it will be possible for biogas plants to provide a lower gate fee than incineration and composting plants. This will reduce the risk of a shortage of raw material is a limiting factor. One such tool menu will help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector because it can ensure that a portion of the potential manure is triggered by setting a sufficiently high level of support for biogas produced in the manure. At the same time the menu to increase the use of biogas in vehicles to air pollution especially in urban areas is reduced, and that the share of renewables in transport increased. If 0.7 TWh of biogas is used in the transport sector can, as described in Chapter 1, achieving renewable target in the transport sector without increasing the wagering requirement for biodiesel and bioethanol from the current 3.5%. In addition, the menu at a good utilization of organic fertilizer, as creating incentives for spread of suitable areas.
An alternative to the tool menu based on "pull" factors, using multiple "push" - Factors triggering potential. A possible menu are: Requirements for separation and biological treatment of waste and the return of nutrients to the cycle National target for biological treatment of organic waste Investment of biogas plants depends on the percentage incorporation of manure in biogas plant Investment of gas-powered vehicles Support for the transport of organic fertilizer for appropriate distribution areas Such menu will cause many of the same effects as an instrument menu 1 To increase the supply of food waste from households and similar waste from any food service and trade, it is possible to introduce legal measures leading to increased separation and subsequent biological treatment. This requirement can be combined with a national percentage targets for the amount of food waste to be biologically treated. This can result in a higher proportion of this waste utilized for biogas production, while some may go to composting. Requirement separation of food waste will not necessarily lead to a capacity-building for biogas treatment Norway, but can lead to increased export of organic waste to Sweden and Denmark. Investment is as previously described an efficient way of getting fired production plant for biogas. If desired, parts of the biogas production is to use animal manure may
149 to make the size of investment support for biogas plant depends on the manure- interference ratio, see Figure 6.4 below. Investment support for gas-powered vehicles to ensure that biogas is used in the transport sector and that it thus leading to an improvement in air quality. Since gas engines with "lean" engine technology For emissions that are approximately equal to diesel vehicles, investment aid should be linked to a commitment On selecting stoichiometric engines or technology similar low emissions of NO X and particles. A guide to gas-powered vehicles, however, will not be effective governance with a view to using bio gas transport sector, but will also increase the number of vehicles that use fossil natural gas fuel. However, this is a minor problem, when you get improved air quality regardless of It is natural gas or biogas is used as fuel. The produced biogas is not used in the transport sector will be used in other sectors where it will replace the same quantities natural gas. To ensure that the digestate spread on suitable areas can introduce a scheme which provides grants the transport of digestate to areas that need fertilizing. In particular in animal dense areas, which Rogaland, is eutrophication from manure already a challenge at present. With the expected increase in livestock production, this problem could increase further. Establishment of biogas plants that use organic waste in production (both separate treatment and sambehandling with manure) will lead to an increase in the available amount of digestate as fertilizer product, since waste otherwise would have been burned and thus not used as fertilizer. In areas where there is little or no need for fertilization, the digestate having a low or negative value, and it is appropriate from an environmental perspective transporting digestate to other areas. One can for such as designing support scheme allowing transport of digestate outside a certain radius, will be covered of the scheme. This will ensure that the manufacturer did not have an increased cost of transport digestate to suitable distribution areas. The support should be linked to the quality requirements for digestate (low content of heavy metals and other pollutants).
150 Another alternative (or addition to transport support) is a support for processing of bio fertilizer. Although fields in animal dense areas will require fertilization with nitrogen, but have little need for supply of phosphorus. By separating bio fertilizer nitrogen in a wet and a dry fosforrik part, one could make a nitrogen-rich product that can be spread on the ground in the area. The dry, phosphorus rich part can then transported to areas further away where necessary for fertilization with phosphorus. In order to optimize application of organic fertilizer can simultaneously introducing a support for analysis of organic fertilizer, as well as Update fertilizer calculator so that it also covers different types of organic fertilizer. Instrument Menu 3: Energy An alternative to push and pull the menus is a tool menu that has as main objective to increase renewable energy production by increasing biogas production. Given that there is a goal that biogas will employed in a particular sector or for a specific purpose, or that the biogas should be produced by a certain raw materials, one can introduce a simple production support in U.S. / kWh. By aligning the support produced amount of energy given incentives to maximize gas production both through optimization of production technology and through the choice of energy-rich feedstock. Our calculations in Chapter 4 indicate that biogas production from organic waste is almost economically profitable, given that waste is available and that the biogas plant is a street-fee of 700 NOK / tonne waste. To ensure access to raw materials for biogas plant, the gate fee at the biogas plant would be less than or equal gate-fee combustion and composting. A production support at 18 cents / kWh, according to our calculations make it possible for the biogas plant to reduce the gate-fee'en with 200 kr / ton waste, which could increase the supply of raw materials for biogas production. Because funding is directed to amount of energy produced will support while providing an incentive to choose the raw material with high gas yield. It is possible that plants may require different gate-fee for raw materials depending on the expected gas yield, so that the supply of raw material is increased. An alternative to a production support in NOK / kWh is a delivery support for organic waste to biogas plant in £ / tonne. The difference in relation to a production aid is that in this case not get separated between raw materials that provide a high gas yield and those only gives a low yield. This instrument is therefore not as effective management with a view to getting produced with maximum energy. As shown in Chapter 4 of biogas production based on pure manure not commercially profitable at present (loss of around 1.27 £ / kWh). This means that a production support per kWh will probably all the wet organic potential is triggered before any manure will be applied. If the energy potential triggers (both manure and organic waste), the average deficit be around 55 cents / kWh. One possibility to get triggered more of potential than just the wet organic waste, is to provide a production support at around 55 cents / kWh, provided that the biogas plant sambehandler manure and organic waste. In order to redeem the potential in this way, the ratio of substrates to 4 tons manure per 1 ton of waste.
151 Review of possible new measures The following provides an overview of new or strengthening of existing measures that will: Increase access to raw materials for biogas plants Increasing biogas production Increase the use of biogas and bio fertilizer The input to possible new measures in this chapter come from a variety of sources, such as Mepex report (2012), Sector Report Waste Cure (TA 2592/2010; CPA 2010b), Value Chain Report for sambehandling (TA 2704/2011) and the input that we got from the survey and the input meeting conducted in the context of this work. We review first instruments that can increase the supply of raw materials. Subchapter is divided into the measures aimed at organic waste and the targeting manure. Each These subsections are further divided into economic, legal and informational tools. Afterwards are reviewed the various means for biogas production and use of biogas and bio fertilizer. To increase readability, it posted a reading guide for each instrument proposal shows which subsection you are in: OBJECTIVES Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative
152 The review is organized as follows: 1 Measures to improve access to raw materials 1.1 Organic waste
- Requirement for separation of food waste - Requirements for biological treatment of waste and utilization of nutrients in organic fertilizer - Prohibition of incineration of waste - Objections to the planned export of household waste and similar waste business
- Introduce a tax on incineration of waste if the waste is not separated 1.1.3 Informative instruments - National target for biological treatment of waste 1.2 Fertilizer
- Delivery obligation for manure from farms located within a certain distance from a biogas plant - Stricter requirements for environmentally-efficient storage and dissemination of manure - Incorporation Requirements manure in the feedstock for biogas plants - Introduce emission standards for greenhouse gas emissions from manure 1.2.2 Economic instruments - Delivery Support manure - Support for separating manure in a wet and a dry part, if dry part comes into biogas plant - Reward Scheme for reducing emissions from manure
- Information campaign on biogas production to agriculture 2 Measures to increase the production of biogas
- Investment into biogas plant - Production Support for biogas plants - Combined investment and production support for biogas plants - Investment support for pre-treatment of organic waste - Innovation Support for biogas and / or pre-treatment - Simplified application procedure for funding from Enova / Innovation Norway 3 Funding for increased use of biogas and bio fertilizer 3.1 Increased use of biogas
- Development of standards for biogas - Turnover Requirements for biogas in the transport sector - Receipt Obligation for biogas in gas company - Forced incorporation of biogas in natural gas
153 - Gas Vehicles in Public Procurement - Requirements for collection of landfill gas - Requirements for the use of the collected landfill gas 3.1.2 Economic instruments - Increased CO 2 Tax on fossil fuels - Continuation of the exemption veibruksavgift for biogas and possibly natural gas - Investment aid for the purchase of gas vehicles (private cars and / or taxi) - Investment aid for the purchase of gas vehicles to fleet operations - Investment aid for the purchase of gas buses - Investment for the construction of filling stations - Reduced disposable gas-fueled vehicles - Support for the replacement of oil boiler to gas boiler if biogas is used - Feed-in tariff for biogas at gas station - Introduce a tax on natural gas unless it met a%-vis requirement biogas intervention 3.2 Increased use of bio fertilizer
- Stricter requirements for the storage and distribution of fertilizers - Change the requirements of fertilizer products Regulations for heavy metal content in bio fertilizer - Development of standards / content declaration for bio fertilizer 3.2.2 Economic instruments - Support for the analysis of bio fertilizer - Development of fertilizer calculator that includes bio fertilizer - Support for the transport of organic fertilizer for appropriate distribution areas - Support for the processing of organic fertilizer (pelleting or similar) - Tax on nitrogen and phosphorus in fertilizers 3.2.3 Informative instruments - Information campaign on the use of organic fertilizer 4 Transverse measures 4.1 Transverse measures to increase biogas production - Study Support related to the optimization of environmental and climate benefits - Improved communication between players - National Working Group on biogas 4.2 Transverse measures to increase knowledge - Improved statistics - Research and development (R & D) 4.3 Transverse measures to reduce the risk of negative effects of biogas initiative - Meta Leaks biogas plant - Storage bio fertilizer
154 M To L Instrument Increased access of raw material Increased biogas production Increased application Fertilizer Fertilizer Wet Wet Biogas Bio fertilizer Legal Economic Informative 1 Measures to improve access to raw materials - organic waste and manure 1.1 Organic waste 1.1.1 Legal instruments Requirements for separation of food waste Description: The requirement for separation should be organized so that it entails demands for recycling, and not Central sorting of waste, because experience shows that source-separated food waste for cleaner compost and bio fertilizer than central sorting through the MBT method (mechanical-biological treatment) provides. If the central sorting is used, this will reduce the value of bio fertilizer. Many municipalities have already introduced source separation of food waste from private households. To obtain access to food waste from the remaining municipalities and waste from the catering trade and commerce, requirement can be introduced incrementally. That claim is paid to food waste from households and catering industry / trade and not wet organic waste in general, arguing that food waste from households / large households are more difficult to get into the market without separation from other waste. Increased availability of organic waste from other types of business (such as food processing) for biogas production, is expected to be easier when the waste is largely generated in the clean waste streams. The desired effect: Increase the supply of waste for biological treatment in general, and biogas treatment particular. Possible drawbacks: The instrument does not necessarily ensure increased access to food waste for biogas production in Norway, as this can also lead to increased exports to biogas production in neighboring countries. It can also lead to increased composting instead of biogas production. In addition, the requirement of an initial phase of the the imbalance between supply and demand of food waste and available treatment capacity, but This will stabilize over time. Instruments will likely result in increased treatment costs for organic waste. If the instrument shall apply to all municipalities and affected industries, higher Treatment costs can be problematic for smaller municipalities and businesses. The implementation of this requirement will result in increased administration and supervision, as well as other similar measures. Conducted in neighboring countries, the Government of Sweden has adopted an interim that 50% of food waste from households, commercial kitchens, shops and restaurants sorted out by 2018.
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