Wagening- and Amster-, serve a purely referential purpose; that is, they do not carry
any semantic features in the traditional sense but contain an invariant ‘referential
pointer’ to a unique object in the world (in the cases at hand: a settlement). The pres-
ence of the pointer makes a name a rigid designator along the lines of Kripke (
1980
).
Syntactically, I will classify these referential morphemes as noun stems carrying a
feature [
+proper].
The corresponding right constituents define the category of the resulting word,
as is common for most morphologically complex words in Dutch. With respect to
the examples given above, this implies that the morphemes -en and -dam have min-
imal semantic specifications marking them as place names, respectively; they carry
a semantic feature [
+settlement]. -en shows the typical phonological behavior of a
stress-neutral derivational suffix that syllabifies with the stem. -dam, on the other
hand, represents a group of name endings that form prosodic words on their own;
when combined with a referential morpheme, this results in a compound. In the for-
mal treatment of the patterns, I will represent morphemes of the compound forming
type as noun stems carrying the syntactic feature [
+proper]. To distinguish them from
toponymic suffixes, I refer to compound forming morphemes with the term classifier.
On the one hand, this term reflects a common notion from the onomastic literature.
On the other hand, it serves to indicate a similarity to classifiers found in other lan-
guages, which take the shape of nouns but cannot surface independently (see also
Section
4
).
As this classification suggests, referential morphemes and classifiers are both
semantically underspecified noun / name stems: they constitute prosodic words on
their own but due to their heavy underspecification, they cannot surface in isolation.
That is, only the combination of a referential morpheme (e.g., Wagening-, Amster-)
and a morpheme with a minimal semantic specification as a place name (e.g.,
stress-neutral suffix -en, classifier -dam) leads to a grammatical output form.
3
As the sound string -ingen is common in place names, it may certainly be possible to analyze -ing- as