Project no. Fp6-018505 Project Acronym fire paradox
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- 4.5.4Detection Systems
4.5.3TrainingThe people participating in detecting and extinguishing forest fires have traits of very different nature and origin. The inclusion of people unconnected with the issue in the fight against forest fires, such as Civil Protection agents, the Civil Guard and, more recently, the armed forces, gathers people with different training and ways of tackling the problem to work together. Consequently, the General Directorate of Civil Protection and its regional offices in the autonomous communities organise training courses designed for the different agents involved in forest fire fighting. In this way, volunteers can receive training in surveillance and detection of forest fires, driving four-wheel-drive vehicles, transmissions, etc. Likewise, joint training activities are conducted with the Civil Guard, the competent regional or local police, and forest or environmental rangers with responsibilities and competencies in this area. The Autonomous Regions also organise training courses for personnel comprising the defence against forest fires contingent. Thus, Galicia gives these courses to all workers who make up the summer campaign group, both contract personnel and permanent and temporary workers.
Source: Forest Fires Regional Plans (Aragón, Andalusia and Balearic Islands) and Surveillance Local Plan (Barcelona). Figure 25 - Some examples of detection system distribution
- FIXED GROUND SURVEILLANCE Surveillance posts may be towers, huts or shelters that are spread out over the whole territory, especially in areas where forest resources are of high socioeconomic and/ or ecological value, or in areas with a high risk of fires. This is recognised as the basic and essential system, although as a general rule a suitability study of the existing fixed points network is required, especially in the autonomous regions with more rugged topography. This is the case of Aragón: an optimisation process of its surveillance posts, supported by GIS tools, has been ongoing since 2003.
Figure 26 – Lookout tower in “Parque de la Casa de Campo” (Ayuntamiento de Madrid). Author: J. Solana - MOBILE GROUND SURVEILLANCE Mobile surveillance is of maximum importance in areas where, owing to the rough terrain or the impossibility of building fixed posts (structural problems, poor accessibility, etc.), territorial monitoring is diminished or non-existent. Normally, surveillance routes are covered in four-wheel-drive vehicles, which may be fitted out with a small water container to enable a first attempt at controlling a fire.
Figure 27 – Surveillance vehicle from the Barcelona District. Author: C. Montiel. - AIR SURVEILLANCE The high cost of contracting flying hours requires a prior study of surveillance routes. In Spain, planes with capacity for some 3,100 litres are also employed for surveillance missions, thus enabling a first attempt at putting out a fire after detection. 
Figure 28 - Coordination and Observation Airplane from the 2007 fire campaign. Detail right: image acquisition system (infrared an visible). Detail left: thermal image (infrared). Original photos by Dirección General para la Biodiversidad, Área de Defensa contra Incendios Forestales.
This consists of a network of surveillance cameras with visible and/ or infrared image; image processing is centralised in a surveillance centre. In Spain, several Regions have this detection system; the pioneering system, and currently the most developed, is the infrared automatic detection system BOSQUE in Andalusia, which has an advanced false alarm elimination system. ii) REMOTE SENSING Since 2003, a product developed by the Remote Sensing Laboratory at the University of Valladolid (LATUV), called hotspots, has been used for fire detection in Spain. This product is obtained from low resolution pictures such as those of the sensor MODIS, which are received with a different daily frequency, once as a minimum and twice as a rule. iii) RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Several Spanish universities and research centres are conducting research into early warning of forest fires, in the field of remote detection and within the European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Observation programme. The most noteworthy are the Teledetection Laboratory at the University of Valladolid (LATUV) and the company Ingeniería y Servicios Aeroespaciales (INSA) (Aerospace Engineering and Services), which reports to the National Technical Aerospace Institute (INTA). One of the first projects developed along these lines was the REMFIRESAT (Real-Time Emergency Management of Forest Fires via Satellite) programme in 2002. Among the results is the LATUV hotspots product. The findings underwent testing during the 2003 campaign in Castile and León and produced very positive results. The NOD (Near Operational Demonstration of the Use of Space Techniques for Fire Risk Management) project contributed a number of technological improvements and focused on GIS products. Subsequently, the DEMOBIRD project emerged to validate the use of a high-resolution instrument for the purpose of locating fires and justifying the construction of this type of instrument for this application. Data from the BIRD (Bi-spectral Infrared Detection Microsatellite) satellite of the German Aerospace Centre in Galicia were used and encompassed the summer 2003 fire campaign. Subsequently, the ESA decided to launch the RISK-EOS project within the GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) programme; this was designed to provide Europe with an earth observation space infrastructure devoted to supporting natural disaster management, among which forest fires are included. The hotspots product is in the refinement stage and is being delivered in Spain, through a collaboration agreement, to the Extremadura and Andalusia regions during the current 2007 campaign. We have seen the current drawbacks of remote sensing as an early fire detection system. In order to address these problems, satellites with instruments specifically designed for this task are necessary but as of yet we do not have these instruments. A design prototype of all these systems with specific characteristics was already developed in the FUEGO programme. This programme, which was designed by INSA for the ESA, consisted of a constellation of 12 satellites for early detection and monitoring of forest fires, however the system remained in the analysis stage and was not implemented. At the end of 2005, the Ministry for the Environment contracted the first operational service. The reception of AVHRR-NOAA, MODIS-EOS Aqua/Terra and SEVIRI-MSG data is effected by means of aerials situated in the data processing centre (LATUV) and the products, including the detection of hotspots (with the attributes of reliability, temperature, location), are available on a server.
The Integrated Air Surveillance System began to be developed by the INTA in 1992, based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that transmit pictures taken to a ground control station. For the field of detection and surveillance of forest fires, the vehicles are equipped with electro-optical and infrared sensors. In May 2005 the first operational demonstration took place of the prototype plane designed for the purpose in Castile and León. 
Figure 29 - Fire surveillance unmanned aerial vehicles. Upper photo: UAV5 of the SIVA System. Source: Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA). Lower photo: SANCHO Prototype. Source: Ingeniería y Servicios Aeroespaciales (INSA) / U. de León Similarly, the Navigation, Communications and Observation Tools Aerostatic System is being developed, a system based on aerostatic platforms which are capable of obtaining high resolution thermal pictures with an autonomy of several days. The current prototype, carried airborne by a large balloon, will operate from 2009 from a height of 4,000 metres. In addition, it is proposed to obtain a prototype that will operate from an altitude of 20 km and which can remain operational for several months. The Public Environmental Management Company of Castile-La Mancha, for its part, in collaboration with Indra company, presented a very advanced prototype of its UAV Surveillance System in 2007.
The Orange España company has been working on a fire detection system supported by mobile telephony since early 2006. It consists of the deployment of sensors in the area to be guarded; these measure infrared and ultraviolet radiation and the temperature. The data obtained is sent to the GSM/GPRS network through local networks and there it is managed and stored on a platform where the data is processed and possible alarms are raised. Access to the platform is web-based. The system is currently being tested in Monte de El Pardo (Madrid) and in Doñana (Andalusia). These are the advantages considered on this system:
In the Valencian Community a high technology company is developing a system that enables forest fires to be detected by laser. The project consists of developing a system to immediately detect the centre of forest fires, which is connected with a control centre through a wireless network. A prototype of this anti-fire laser has already been developed and has obtained low response time; it is capable of detecting columns of smoke from the moment the fire starts with the advantage that this system can detect these fires in an area of 112 square kilometres. Advantages presented by this system:
iv) OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
In order to enhance reliability in location of a fire centre detected from a fixed surveillance post, in a minimum time period, the Community of Madrid designed and developed a computer system called VIGIS in 2002. This system uses panoramic 360º pictures produced from high-resolution digital photographs taken from surveillance posts. A regular mesh is established on this panoramic picture, of which the coordinates of the apexes of each box are precisely known. Thus, by indicating to the control centre the box in which the fire centre is located, the centre is able by means of a GIS to pinpoint its location precisely. It is, therefore, a simple tool, easy to learn and to use, which enables the exact location of a fire to be calculated from a single observation. In 2006 the Fire Centre Location System (Ubifoc) of the Valencian Community became operative; this is also based on panoramic photographs treated with photogrammetric techniques, by means of which the fire centre may be located with an accuracy of within 5 metres.
Unusual cases for fire detection are fires caused by lightning. Thanks to the radars of the National Meteorology Institute (INM) information may be obtained every 10 minutes on the impact of lightning and its coordinates, with an accuracy of 10 metres. Entering this information in a GIS allows us to look for possible latent fires in these areas. That is how the Lightning Detection Programme emerged in 1999 as a pioneering experiment in El Valle de Ayora (Valencian Community). The INM data is sent by e-mail and a unit proceeds to the exact spot with the aid of a GPS. Once there, an infrared camera is used to sweep the areas where lightning has struck. Aragón also has a lightning location system, and Castile and León has had its own system since 2006, which is of higher quality in terms of spatial and temporal resolution.
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