"A Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a collection of interconnected and virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-level agreements established through negotiation between the service provider and consumers” (Buyya et al.)
"A Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a collection of interconnected and virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-level agreements established through negotiation between the service provider and consumers” (Buyya et al.)
“A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically-scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet” (Foster et al.)
Start point: October/November 2007 - IBM Blue Cloud
Public clouds (or external clouds)
Public clouds (or external clouds)
resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via Web applications or Web services.
the cloud is hosted, operated, and managed by a third-party vendor from one or more data/computing centers
organizations/customers lease shared resources from public clouds, effectively becoming infrastructure tenants rather than owners
the provisioned infrastructure can dynamically scale up and down depending on the actual needs
Amazon EC2 and S3
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
high-level integrated environment to build and deploy applications
restrictions on the type of applications
but scalable platform
Google’s App Engine for deploying Web applications
Software as a Service (SaaS)
delivers software to consumers through the Internet
Salesforce: online CRM (Customer Relationship Management) Services ; Live Mesh from Microsoft: files and folders synchronization
Storage as a Service
Storage as a Service
Data(base) as a Service (DaaS)
Process as a Service - Business Process as a Service
Network as a Service (NaaS)
Integration as a Service
Security as a Service - Identity as a Service
Testing as a Service
http://www.ibm.com/ibm/cloud/
http://www.ibm.com/ibm/cloud/
« Values to customers include:
Reducing IT management complexity and skill requirements
Sharing resources among multiple applications
Accelerating application launches
Supporting both existing and emerging, data-intensive workloads
»
From the customer point of view:
From the customer point of view:
Scalability
Reliability
Flexibility
Cost
Security and Privacy
Performance
Ubiquitous and fast access
Quality of Service
Service Level Agreement
Pricing system
Simple to use
From the internal point of view
Virtualization
« Grid » management
Compute Cloud EC2 (Elastic Cloud Computing)
Compute Cloud EC2 (Elastic Cloud Computing)
« Private » virtualized servers (« instances ») of different types
Example: High-CPU Extra Large Instance
7 GB of memory
20 EC2 Compute Units
1690 GB Storage
Pricing on a per hour basis for each instance type: from $0.084/hour for the smallest "On-Demand" virtual machine running Linux to 12x more for the largest one running Windows (Nov. 2009). The data transfer charge ranges from $0.08 to $0.15 per gigabyte, depending on the volume
Data Cloud S3 (Simple Storage Service)
from $0.55 to $0.15 per GB-month, + bandwidth usage (from $0.08 to 0.15 per GB) + requests (from $0.01 to $0.1 per 1000 requests)
102 billion objects stored files (March 2010)
data transfer is charged by TB / month data transfer, depending on the source and target of such transfer.
Compute :
Compute :
connection to the « Compute » service > 99,95%
Web and Worker roles > 99,9%
note : service interruption interruption > 5 mn
Storage
« failed » transactions (error rate) < 0,1%
credit = 10%
if 0,1% <= error rate < 1%
Credit = 25%
if error rate >= 1%
Gartner:
Gartner:
identifies the Cloud as one of the four trends that will change IT and the economy in the next 10 years
(http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1470115)
predicts that the value of Cloud Computing will surge to 150.1 billion dollars by 2013
expects SaaS demand to continue to growth to a total of more than 14 billion dollars by 2013
IDC [BBE10]:
the market for private enterprise Cloud servers will grow from an $8.4 billion opportunity in 2010, to a $12.6 billion market in 2014
SaaS revenue will grow five times more than traditional software
by 2014, about 34% of all new business software purchases will be consumed via SaaS.
Steve Ballmer (Microsoft's CEO) (March 2010):
about 75% (90% in a year) of Microsoft customers are doing entirely cloud based or entirely cloud inspired
Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA):
33% among all European organizations are using cloud computing systems
