Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Calligraphy
Calligraphy is the art of fine writing. The art of calligraphy was flourished under the ancient civilizations of the world. In the civilizations of Indus Gandhara, Hebrew, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient Europe, this art was the major item of their cultural heritage. Arabs were proud on their oratory and fine writings. The calligraphic patterns of the early Arabs had found in the Museums. Kufic script was very common in Arab. Umayyad and Abbasid’s were the great patrons of this art. Abbasid’s were the great patrons of art and architecture and various artistic activities. Iran was the cradle of learning in the time of Safaxid. Painting, calligraphy were the major field of Iranian artists.
Nastaliq script was developed under the Safavids. Safavids painters and calligraphist were famous of their master pieces of art. Sulus and Naskh were also developed under the Safavids. They used for the copying of the Holy Qur’an. Shah Abbas was the major contributor towards this art of fine writing. Caiiigraphists of Safavid time :-

1. Mir Muhammad Damad2. Shakyh Baha-ud-Din

Amili
3. Hussain Tabrazi 4. Mir Muizz Kashi
5. Khalil Hirati 6. Bihzad

794
Political and Cultural History ofhlmn

Bahrain Mirza
Shaykh Muhammad
7. Mir AH 8. Bahrain Mirza
9. Sadur-ud-Din 10. Shaykh Muhammad
Music
The art of music was developed under the Abbasids Caliphate, Harun and Mamun were the great patrons of music. Ziryab and Ibrahim were the great musicians of that time. Abbasid revolution had changed the cultural history of Iran. The cross cultural changes developed a new type of artistic values. Safavids were the Shia origin except the Shah Safi. Music was the part of their social life. Under the Shah Abbas this art flourished. Secular and religious musics in full swing in that time. Musical theories of Mulla Sadra were very elaborative.
The musicians of the Safavids time used various types of musical instrument, these were Tambora, Qatar, Naccora, Duf, Zalzal. In the court of Shah Abbas musical functions were performed by the musicians of the Safavids. They were the following:-
1 Hafiz Ahmad 2. HafizJalajil
3. Hafiz Muzaffar 4. Ustad Muin
5. Ustad Sultan Muhammad 6. Hussain Mirza
Poetry
Safa\id period is the golden ”period of Iranian cultural histor>.” E.G. Browne, the author of ”Literary History of Persia” and ”Cambridge History of Persia” has given the full description of literary and cultural history under the Safavids. Safavids encouraged the intellectual activities. Theology and other religious sciences grew under them. Persian poetry was at height of it climax under the Shah Abbas. The story of Karbala was described in poetry and prose. The poets of Mughul court came from Iran. There is list of the poets of the Safavids time :-
1. Dainiri 2. Muhtasham
3. Wali 4. Hussain Mirza
5. Washi v,6. Mir Havder
I.
Dainiri
3.
Wali
5.
Washi
vL
Hatim
9.
Zuhri
11.
Naziri ^
10.
12.’
Muhtasham
Hussain Mirza Mir Hayder Faizr Talib Nizami.
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