Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Ibn Firnas and Others
The musical legacy of Ziryab was kept alive by his pupils •who were natives of al-Andalus. Thus, from the ninth century onward, the Andalusians began to make their own contributions to the field of singing and music. Ibn Firnas (d.888) is said to have been the first teacher of music in al- Andalus. He was followed by a group of teachers who dealt with the theoretical and practical aspects of music. We owe to Ibn Abd Rabbihi a collection of songs. He was followed by Yahya al-Khuduji of Murcia (twelfth century) who wrote a ’Book of Songs’. Ibn Fathun (eleventh century) he wrote treatises on music, as did his near contemporary Sa’id of Toledo, perhaps the greatest musical theorist of al-Andalus was the philosopher Ibn Bajjah, whose book on music was as popular in the Maghrib as was that of al-Farabi in the East. He was followed by Averroes and by the two great Andalusian mystics, Ibn Arab! and Ibn Sab’in, who dealt with some aspects of music.
Cities prided themselves in possessing the arts of music, singing, and dancing. Seville became famous as the center of music and the major producer of musical instruments. Al-Shaqundi recognizes this fact as the major merit or wonder of Seville and gives an impressive list of musical instruments Andalus, some of which found their way into Europe. Likewise, al-Shaqundi singles out Ubeda, a town near Jaen famed for its places of entertainment and for its dancer, who are the best female manipulators of swords.
In sum, music, singing, and dancing were widespread both in high circles and among the general populace. These arts were so
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deep rooted that the judge Ibn al-Arabi of Seville defended music against the strictures of the religious scholars. More significantly still, it was in al-Andalus that popular poetry as embodied in the zajal and muwashshahat was set to music and sung in all places and for every occasion.26