Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Ibn Rushd
Abu’l-Walid ibn Rushd, or Averroes, was born at Cordova in

1126 A.D. and died in Morocco in December 1198. He lived in the days of the fanatic Almohades. Ibn Rushd considered the Mutakallimun half orthodox and half philosophical (semiintellectual) and therefore dangerous for both the orthodox believers and the philosophers. They did not have clear concepts and could not interpret the Qur’anic verses correctly and rationally. He followed Aristotle and became known for his commentaries on Aristotle. Ibn Rushd was i rationalist but submitted to reason only if not contrai) to the Qur’anic teachings.

In refutation of Ghazzali’s attack on rationalism in his Tahafut al-Falasifah (the Collapse of the Philosophers) Ibn Rushd wrote the Tahafut al-Tahafut al-Falasifah. He also wrote on the Agreement of Religion and Philosophy and the Mabadi ’I- Falsafa’n (the Beginning of Philosophy). Through Avicena and Averred Platonism and Anstotelianism found their way into Latin and exercised great influence on European philosophy. Ibn Rushd ^ known in the Muslim world for his Tahafut al-Tahafut but in t\* Christian and Jewish worlds mostly for his commentaries c>n Aristotle, namely Talkhis (resume). Jarm’ (summary) and Tafsir <-”” Sharh (a long commentary). His commentaries created agitation ”’ the minds of the European scholars and teachers and for fof-1’
Literary & Scientific Development in Muslim Spam 677
centuries (from the end of 12th to the end of 16th) Averroism remained the subject of heated discussion in philosophical seminars and writings in Europe. Ibn Rushd was a great commentator of the works of Aristotle and through him Greek philosophy reached Medieval Europe. Although the original Arabic texts have been lost, a number of his works have survived in Latin. He is supposed to be the authonof the ”Three Impostors” and the Two Realities. Alfred Guillaume says ”In Italy his influence lived on into the 16th century and gave rise to the famous disputes of Achillmi and Pomponazzi. Averroism continued to be a living factor in European thought until the birth of modern experimental science.