Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Mathematics
Al-Aziz was personally interested in the mathematics and geometrical calculations. Hakam was the great patron of science and learnings so he took interest in the mathematics for the accurate results of astronomical data. Abbasid’s Bait-al-Hikma was the cradle of learning in Medieval Islam. Same position had attained the Dar-alHikma of the Fatimids Caliphate in Cairo. Trigonometry
Ibn Yunus work on trigonometry in the Cairo observatory bore the palm of his day. Abu al-Fida was the great mathematician of his day. He was an observer and recorder of astronomical phenomena, he was undoubtedly the greatest in Islam. The use of trigonometrical calculations was very common in the astronomy. Physics and Optics
The Fatimids made a great progress in the field of physics and optics. Fatimids contribution to physics and optics is unforgettable and valuable. The greatest discoveries and studies were made in this field under the Fatimid. They made the wonderful discoveries about the physical laws and principles of optics. Al-
Saentific Development under Fatimids 775
Hakam’s court was illuminated by Ali bin Yunus, the greatest astronomer of Egypt has ever produced and Abu Ali al-Hasan (AlHazen) Ibn-al-Haythem, the principle Muslim physicist and student of optics. No less than a hundred works on mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and medicine are ascribed to him. The chief work for which he is noted is that on optics, Kitab al-Manazir, of which original is lost but which was translated in the time of Gerar of Cremona or before and was published in Latin in 1572. It was influential in the development of optics in the Middle Ages.
Almost all the medieval writers on this subject base their work on Al-Hazen’s optics thesaurus; Roger Bacon, Leonardo da Vinci and John Kepler show traces of its influence. In his work Ibn al-Haythem opposes the theory of Euclid and Ptolemy that the eye sends out visual rays to the object of vision and presents experiments for testing the angles of incidence and reflection. In certain experiments he approaches the theoretical discovery of magnifying lenzes which was actually made in Italy three centuries later. Ophthalmology
The science of ophthalmology developed under the Fatimid Caliphs of Egypt. Al-Hazen worked about the eye diseases. An important work composed in Egypt in the days of al-Hakam is alMuntakhab fi al-Ayn by Ammar Ibn-Ali al-Mawsili. In this the author shows more originality than his contemporary Ibn Isa in his Tadhkirah, which, however, on account of its completeness became the standard work on ophthalmology. Ammar describes a radical operation for soft cataract by suction through a hollow tube of his own invention. Chemistry
Like many other sciences, the Fatimid Caliphs also made scientific contribution in chemistry. Chemistry is generally supposed to be an accidental product of alchemy. Ibn Qasam was the great chemist of the Fatimid times. He classified the minerals and other organic and inorganic substances
1 Him P642

CHAPTER