* The term lexicology is composed of two Greek morphemes: “lexis” (word) and “logos” (learning).
Thus, the literal meaning of the term “lexicology” is “the study of words”. I Sub-branches
of lexicology. There is general lexicology and special lexicology. General lexicology studies
vocabulary in different languages of the world. Special lexicology studies the vocabulary of one
language. There is also historical lexicology and descriptive lexicology. Special types
of borrowings: translation-loans, doublets, international words . The term “borrowing” may mean
the process of borrowing and the result of the process-the word itself. The term source
of borrowing means the language which from the word was taking into English
* Three main periods in the history of the English language. We divide the history of
the English language into three main periods: Old English; Middle English; New English or
Modern English. OLD ENGLISH covers the period from the fifth (5th) century to the end of the
eleventh (11th) century; the dates of its end range from 1066, which is the year of the Norman
Conquest, to 1150.
* Dull-boring.tedious/annoying. Fmous-wellknown.popular. Friend-pair.partner. Gloomy-
comfortles.shadowy. Frequent-nonstop.persistent. Guest-visitor. Pleasant-attractive. Ugly-
unpleasent. Glad-joyful.pleased. Fortunate-happy.lucky.
4 *
The semantic structure of a word is complicated and may include, among others, the following
oppositions of its meanings: · direct meaning :: figurative meaning. The meaning is direct
when the word names the thing without the help of context and can be viewed as a certain label for the
t
hing (a “word thing” connection).
* The two main types of meaning are grammatical and lexical meanings. Grammatical meaning unites
words into parts of speech. Such words as goes, stops, works have different lexical meanings, but are
united by a common grammatical meaning: they are characterized by a common system of forms in
which their grammatical categories are expressed. Lexical meaning is individual for every word:
grammatically identical words have individual lexical meanings (cf.: went, kissed, looked), which are
common for all forms of one and the same word.
*Look-seek.search.see.watch. old-encient. Place-spot.space. gteat-enormous.huge. popular-
common.wellknown. honest-veratious. Show.-endicate.trouble-diffiulties.problem. Ugly-unpleasent. Smile-
twinkle.