Sixth framework programme

1.11.4WP4 Process configuration

Objectives

The aims of this Work Package are:

1. 
   to correlate the impact of reactor geometry onto permeability (cooperation with WP2, WP3)
   
2. 
   identify strategies for optimised nutrient elimination for MBR
   
3. 
   characterize impact of peak loads on membrane performance and effluent quality
   
4. 
   analyse the fouling composition and correlate the fouling and clogging tendency with sludge and matrix properties under the tested operational conditions (cooperation with WP2, WP3, WP5)
   
5. 
   formulate recommendations for reactor configuration, dimensioning and process control
   

Methodology / Work description

All experiments will be performed on pilot scale MBR equipped with full scale modules, run under standard operational conditions and fed with municipal wastewater at typical flow variation occurring in sewer. The reactors available are equipped with modular compartments, allowing flow scheme variation and therefore sequential testing of active reactor volume configurations.

Nutrient removal strategies will be evaluated by testing control strategies with dynamic modelling (ASM3) and validating the central modelling results on pilot scale MBRs equipped with the required sensors and controlling unit. Peak loads are generated by repetitive addition of typical amounts of locally available industrial wastewater (starch industry and slaughterhouse or supernatant of sludge digester) over a sufficient period of time for evaluating nutrient removal issues as well as medium term behaviour of permeability (i.e. for permeability issues at least one month).
WP4.1 Characterize the impact of reactor geometry on permeability

For efficient operation of the membrane unit, raw wastewater is not to be brought into direct contact with the membrane surface, otherwise severe fouling is faced (i.e. very fast drop in permeability). This is confirmed by the fact that a submerged membrane unit cannot be operated in raw wastewater and by full scale experiences (wastewater treatment plant in Markranstädt). Experiments in pilot scale will characterize the minimal contact time of raw wastewater with activated sludge required to avoid deterioration of the permeability (EAWAG). It will be further assessed, whether the subdivision of the contact volume into cascaded compartments allows a further reduction of the required contact time. The characterisation and understanding of this fouling issue will be supported by the analytical methods for wastewater and sludge applied in WP5 (DUT).

The enhancement of membrane performance by biomass immobilisation with biofilm reactor as compared to conventional suspended activated sludge systems is to be assessed by parallel operation of pilot scale experiments (NTNU).
WP4.2 Strategies for optimised nutrient elimination

The biological nutrient removal in MBRs can be described by the same dynamic models as in conventional activated sludge treatment (i.e. ASM3). Nevertheless, the fact that while in operation each membrane unit has to be sparged with coarse air bubbles leads to some restrictions for optimised nutrient removal (i.e. part of the oxygen input is given according to the hydraulic flow rate passing the membrane and cannot be controlled according to the nutrient loading). The consequences for optimised nutrient elimination control strategies are to be tested with modelling and validated experimentally in pilot scale. The intermittently aerated process will be one of strategies to be tested on already available large pilot scale plants. Such process allows realising nitrification and denitrification in the same tank alternating periods of aeration and no aeration (wastewater flow is basically continuous). Cyclic on-and-off air supply in the reactor allows realising intermittent aeration and the formation of aerobic and anoxic conditions adequate for implementing sequential nitrification and denitrification phases. The control of the intermittent aeration is done with the help of on-line analysers for ammonia and nitrate. Compared to the conventional nitrification/pre-denitrification scheme the intermittently aerated process applied to a MBR process is characterised by simplified reactor configuration, without internal compartments, a high degree of operational flexibility (the length of nitrification or denitrification can readily adjusted on the basis of on-line monitored parameters), avoidance of the nitrate recycle, reduced energy consumption and sludge production (because of the longer periods of denitrification on a daily base compared to a conventional pre-denitrification scheme.

WP4.3 Impact of peak loads

The impact of peak loads (i.e. testing load variations typical for industrial wastewater contributions) on membrane permeability (organic peak load) and effluent quality (nutrient peak load) is to be characterised for various reactor configurations (i.e. variation of total reactor volume and subdivision into cascaded compartments). In the case of organic peak loads, the main concern is that easily degradable substrate reaching the membrane may enhance fouling due to increased growth of biomass attached to the membrane (mechanism comparable to the issue described under point 4.1). As for point 4.1, the fouling will be characterised according to the wastewater and sludge analysis performed in WP5. Nutrient peak loads (e.g. ammonia) may be crucial for dimensioning the total reactor volume: due to the higher sludge concentration (up to 15 gSS L ¹) MBRs can accommodate the required amount of sludge in a smaller volume as compared to conventional activated sludge plants (SS content up to 5 gSS L ¹); smaller reactor volume means reduced hydraulic retention time, and therefore reduced liquid volume able to cushion influent peak concentration. This is relevant mainly for countries where the set effluent quality must be met anytime (e.g. the German “Qualifizierte Stichprobe”).

WP4.4 Recommendations

The results of 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 will issue in recommendations for MBR reactor configuration and dimensioning for optimized effluent quality and membrane performance.

Deliverables & Milestones

Month 6 Scope of study, configurations to test, incl. shock loads, nutrient removal

Month 12 Operational availability of the experimental treatment units

Month 12 Set up of all required analytical skills or contact to the corresponding laboratories

Month 30 Report - impact of reactor configurations on membrane performance and nutrient elimination

Month 36 Report - recommendations for reactor configuration, dimensioning and process control

Work package nr.	WP4		Start date or starting event:				0
Activity Type	RTD/Innovation activities
Participant id	NTNU	CU		DUT	EAWAG	UNITN		Polymem	EV
Person-months per participant:	3	8		6	18	15		6	3

Objectives - to correlate the impact of reactor geometry onto permeability - identify strategies for optimised nutrient elimination for MBR - characterize impact of peak loads on membrane performance and effluent quality - analyse the fouling composition and correlate the fouling and clogging tendency with sludge and matrix properties under the tested operational conditions (cooperation with WP5) - formulate recommendations for reactor configuration, dimensioning and process control

Description of work All experiments will be performed on pilot scale MBR equipped with full scale modules, run under standard operational conditions and fed with municipal wastewater at typical flow variation occurring in sewers. The reactors available are equipped with modular compartments, allowing flow scheme variation and therefore sequential testing of active reactor volume configurations. Microscopic analysis on the membrane surface will be performed by extracting a small part of the membrane surface from the standard modules and resealing the membrane unit. The characterisation and understanding of this fouling issue will be supported by the analytical methods for wastewater and sludge applied in WP5 as well as correlating the observed permeability with quantification of the fouled surface by filtration tests and image processing. 4.1 Characterize the impact of reactor geometry on fouling and permeability (NTNU, CU, DUT, EAWAG, EV) Pilot scale bioreactor will be operated at different configurations (suspended biomass vs. fixed biomass, total reactor volume and number of cascades) and impact on permeability observed. Each reactor set up will be tested for at least one month. 4.2 Strategies for optimised nutrient elimination (UNITN) The pilot scale reactor is modelled with ASM3 and the modelling is validated for nutrient removal with several sampling campaigns (each of eighteen 2-hour composite samples). Various control strategies are tested with the help of the modelling and the most interesting implemented with the help of the required online sensors and programmable logical controller (PLC). Further sampling campaigns will be performed for confirmation of the nutrient removal performance. 4.3 Impact of peak loads (EAWAG, EV) Peak loads are generated by repetitive addition of typical amounts of locally available industrial wastewater (e.g. starch industry, slaughterhouse or supernatant of sludge digester) over a sufficient period of time for evaluating nutrient removal issues as well as medium term behaviour of permeability (i.e. for permeability issues at least one month). As for point 4.1, the fouling will be characterised according to the wastewater and sludge analysis performed in WP5. 4.4 Recommendation for reactor configuration (NTNU, CU, DUT, EAWAG, UNITN, Polymem, EV) Merge the conclusion of the workpackage into a recommendation for optimized MBR configuration and dimensioning

Deliverables D6 – Scope of study; shock loads, nutrient removal D12 – Report - Results of raw sewage challenge trials D21 – Report - Nutrient elimination trials D27 – Impact of reactor configuration on membrane performance and nutrient elimination assessed D36 – Report - Recommendations for reactor configuration, dimensioning and process control

Milestones and expected result M4.1 +6 Scope of study: configurations to test, incl. shock loads, nutrient removal M4.2 +12 Operational availability of the experimental treatment units M4.3 +12 Set up of all required analytical skills or contact to the corresponding laboratories M4.4 +30 Assessment of impact of reactor configurations on membrane performance and nutrient elimination M4.5 +36 Recommendations for reactor configuration, dimensioning and process control

1.11.5WP5 Feedwater characterisation and MBR monitoring

Objectives

The overall objective of this WP is the development and validation of complementary techniques, which enable to characterise the biomass and feedwater in order to understand and predict the behaviour of the MBR when exposed to different conditions.

Specific objectives:

1. 
   to develop and validate off-line methods for physical/chemical characterization of biomass and foulant agents present in the feedwater, as well as microbial population dynamics, aiming at describing the membrane filtration behaviour and reactor performance;
   
2. 
   to develop and validate non-invasive, on-line monitoring techniques, in order to gather information about transient reactor response to variable operating conditions;
   
3. 
   by integration of the previous approaches, it is aimed to: 1 - establish deterministic relationships between measured characteristics and membrane filtration / reactor performance (mechanistic modelling) and; 2 - develop pattern recognition associations between the characterization parameters and the recorded performance (pattern recognition modelling);
   
4. 
   to extend the understanding of membrane filtration behaviour and reactor performance and trace them back to the level of operational decisions to optimise filterability and avoid system failure;
   
5. 
   to validate the models developed for the different MBR systems under study, according to the case studies considered in WP 8
   

Methodology / work description

The activities outlined in this work package are divided into 5 activity areas:

WP5.1 Development and validation of characterisation methods for feedwater and biomass

Development and validation of methods for characterisation of feedwater and biomass, namely using: a novel filtration method recently proposed by DUT; characterisation of particle size distribution and soluble microbial products; identification and quantification of major foulant species and their relation with the physiological state of microrganisms; COD fractionation and assessment of active biomass in influent wastewater using a respirometric approach; quantification of microbial viable/active cells in MBRs through flow cytometric techniques; identification of specific microbial groups using Fluorescence in situ Hybridisation - FISH aiming at studying population dynamics;

WP5.2 Development and validation of techniques for MBR monitoring

Development and validation of monitoring techniques able to obtain a pattern response from the MBRs, using non-invasive techniques such as bi-dimensional fluorometry and, on the other hand, by Denaturating Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) as a molecular biology method. The first technique elicits an overall fluorescence response of the reactor system, which can be related with microbial growth and activity. The second method monitors shifts in the overall microbial community;

WP5.3 Implementation of characterisation and monitoring techniques on MBR installations

The methods developed will be utilised to characterise selected MBR installations used for the experimental work from other parties involved; acquisition and processing of operational data will allow combining high resolution (fast transient responses) with long term observation;

WP5.4 MBR process modelling using deterministic and hybrid approaches

Establish models for biokinetics, which include foulant production and hydrolysis (EPS, SMP) in relation with the physiological state of biomass (respirometric analysis). Investigate the effect of operating conditions (anoxic/anaerobic zone, HRT and SRT) on biomass and on the overall reactor performance.

Analysis of the results obtained by using hybrid models integrating deterministic relationships and, eventually, Artificial Neural Networks able to infer non-linear relationships, which are bound to occur in complex biological systems. Characterization parameters will first be associated with process performance indicators, and in increasing levels of model complexity DGGE and fluorescence monitoring information will be integrated;
WP5.5 Formulation and testing of operating guidelines

Supported on the comprehensive knowledge gathered and the models developed, operational guidelines will be formulated for the different MBR systems studied; the operational guidelines will be tested on pilot/full scale.

Deliverables & Milestones

Month 12 Report: protocol for the different characterization and monitoring techniques (off-line and on-line).

Month 18 Report on characterization and comparison of monitoring techniques applied to the selected MBRs operated by involved parties.

Month 24 Completion of modelling packages for all MBR systems studied. Formulation of operational guidelines

Month 36 Report on tested operational guidelines for optimising MBR performance.

Work package nr.

WP5

Start date or starting event:

0

Activity Type

RTD/Innovation activities

Participant id

NTNU

IBET

INSA

UM2

DUT

UNITN

UTS

UKZN

Polymem

IHE

Person-months per participant:

12

35

9

6

24

9

6

3

3

20

Objectives The overall objective of this WP is the development and validation of techniques, which enable to characterise the feedwater and the biomass, in order to establish relationships (modelling) between the characteristics of the wastewater and the bioreactors’ operating conditions, with the resulting biomass and, ultimately, with the bioreactor performance. It is known that the quantity and quality of major foulant species, like exopolymeric substances and soluble microbial products, are strongly determined by the physiological state of the microbial culture and the type of electron acceptor present. Therefore, the impact of the composition of the feedwater as well as the operating conditions selected for a given MBR (size and/or retention time in anoxic and anaerobic zone; the process configuration - predenitrification, post-denitrification, alternated aeration; the rate of aeration and use of alternating aeration strategies) will be evaluated in terms of the characteristics of the resulting biomass and overall reactor performance (“productivity” and biomass filterability). The approach to be followed in this WP thus not rely on the identification of anti-fouling agents to be added, according to the composition of different feedwaters but, instead, on understanding the impact of defined operating conditions on the characteristics of the biomass and resulting reactor performance. Specific objectives: - to develop and validate off-line methods and on-line monitoring techniques for physical/chemical characterization of biomass and foulant agents present in the feedwater, as well as microbial population dynamics, aiming at describing the membrane filtration behaviour and reactor performance; - by integration of the previous approach, it is aimed to: 1 - establish deterministic relationships between measured characteristics and membrane filtration / reactor performance (mechanistic modelling) and; 2 - develop pattern recognition associations between the characterization parameters and the recorded performance (pattern recognition modelling); - to extend the understanding of membrane filtration behaviour and reactor performance and trace them back to the level of operational decisions to optimise filterability and avoid system failure; to define guidelines to be tested at pilot/full scale

Description of work 5.1. Development and validation of characterisation methods for feedwater and biomass (NTNU, IBET, INSA, UM II, DUT, UNITN, UTS, IHE) Development and validation of methods for characterisation of feedwater and biomass using complementary techniques; these techniques will allow to establish relationships between feedwater characteristics and operating parameters with resulting biomass behaviour and its impact on membrane filterability and reactor performance. The techniques to be implemented include: COD measurement; identification of major foulant species, namely bound and soluble EPS, i.e. polysaccharides, proteins, humic substances; combined particle size characterisation and specific filterability testing procedure (specific ultrafiltration resistance: SUR); biomass activity and viability using flow-cytometry; respirometric kinetic analysis; microbiological analysis based on confocal microscopy by Fluorescent in-situ Hybridization (FISH). 5.2 Development and validation of techniques for MBR monitoring (IBET, DUT) Development and validation of monitoring techniques able to obtain on-line and pattern response from the MBRs; this procedure will complement the information gathered on the previous task making possible the development of robust MBR modelling approaches (WP 5.4). Online SUR-test in combination with biomass characteristics will provide operational information to steer and optimise MBR operation. On-line 2D-fluorescence techniques will be also implemented. 5.3. Implementation of characterisation and monitoring techniques on MBR installations (IBET, UM2, DUT, UNITN, UKZN, Polymem) The methods developed will be utilised to characterise selected MBR installations used for the experimental work from other parties involved; acquisition and processing of operational data will allow combining high resolution (fast transient responses) with long term observation; This task of WP 5 will be carried out in close cooperation with WP 8. Selected MBR configurations will be studied and the impact of different operating conditions - size and/or retention time in anoxic and anaerobic zone; the process configuration - predenitrification, post-denitrification, alternated aeration; the rate of aeration and use of alternating aeration strategies - will be evaluated. 5.4. MBR process modelling using deterministic and hybrid approaches (IBET, INSA, UKZN) Development of deterministic models supported on respirometric kinetic analysis. The effect of operating conditions (anoxic/anaerobic zone, HRT and SRT) on biomass and on the overall reactor performance. Dynamic model of the process using GPSX and Matlab software will be performed. Additionally, analysis of the results obtained will be performed by using hybrid models integrating deterministic relationships and, eventually, Artificial Neural Networks able to infer non-linear relationships, which are bound to occur in complex biological systems. 5.5. Formulation and testing of operating guidelines (NTNU, IBET, INSA, DUT, UKZN, Polymem, IHE) Supported on the comprehensive knowledge gathered and the models developed, operational guidelines will be formulated for the different MBR systems studied; The operational guidelines will be tested on pilot/full scale (see description WP 8).

Deliverables D7 - Protocol for the different characterisation and monitoring techniques (off-line and on-line). D13 - Report - Characterisation and comparison of monitoring techniques applied to the selected MBRs operated by involved partners D22 - Report - Modelling packages for all MBR systems studied and formulation of operational guidelines. D37 - Report - Operational guidelines for optimising MBR performance on tested systems.

Milestones and expected result M5.1 +6 Protocol for characterizations and monitoring techniques M5.2 +12 Development and validation of the different characterisation and monitoring techniques M5.3 +12 Comparison of monitoring techniques applied to selected MBRs M5.4 +24 Modelling packages for all MBR systems studied M5.5 +36 Definition of operational guidelines for optimising MBR performance

1.11.6WP6 Cleaning protocols

Objectives

The aims of this Work Package are:

1. 
   to make an assessment of potential cleaning strategies
   
2. 
   propose cleaning protocols as a function of MBR design and operation
   
3. 
   to make an assessment of residuals and waste management after chemical cleaning
   
4. 
   investigate the effect of cleaning strategies/protocols on membrane life-time
   

Fouling is an inherent phenomenon in all membrane systems (Fig. 1). A key to sustainable operation of any membrane system is fouling control and management. Short term fouling is to a large extent controlled by the mode of operation where intermittent backwashing and air-sparging are commonly used (WP 3). Depending on the MBR considered, hydraulics in the concentrate compartment can be very different and the optimal conditions for preventing fouling (i.e. minimizing fouling rates) will be different due to membrane module geometries and operating conditions (WP2 and 3). Fouling mechanisms differ and is caused by particulate matter as well soluble substances such as EPS, residual natural organic matter etc. where the dominating fouling mechanism will depend on the process design and operating conditions (WP 3, 4 and 5). Although fouling can be limited or minimized during operation, fouling of MBR modules will eventually reach a level which requires a more extensive cleaning procedure. The interval between such an extensive maintenance cleaning will depend on the fouling rate as a function of process design and operating conditions. The tasks in this work package are related to the periodic maintenance cleaning procedures.

Methodology / work description

The activities outlined in this work package are divided into 4 activity areas:

WP6.1 Cleaning strategies

Membrane cleaning strategies can be identified by two categories:

- Physical cleaning techniques (hydraulic, air-scour, mechanical)

- Chemical cleaning techniques (oxidation, anti-scaling)

Cleaning strategies can be divided into two main approaches; employing physical means and using chemicals. Physical cleaning can be performed by generating high shear forces to remove any deposits on the membrane surface; altering the hydrodynamics around the membrane, air scouring, movement (i.e. vibrations, ultrasound). Mechanical cleaning can also be induced to remove deposits depending on membrane geometry, membrane material and operating criteria. The potentials of such options will be investigated. Organic and inorganic fouling caused by adsorption or deposition can only be removed through chemical cleaning. The effect of different oxidants or anti-scaling products will be investigated including combinations of optional chemicals compared to those that are currently used in existing systems. An assessment of potential cleaning strategies will provide the basis for defining cleaning protocols to be tested in this project. As part of the research programme, cleaning strategies and protocols will be tested by the partners in laboratory-scale and on pilot plants operated in-house or at various wastewater treatment plants (f.ex. Heenvliet wwtp, Netherlands, Høvringen wwtp, Norway, Depurzione Trentino Centrale, Italy). Tests will also be conducted in cooperation with the partner membrane manufacturers participating in the project.

WP6.2 Cleaning protocols

Cleaning protocols provide the instructions and methodology to conduct a maintenance cleaning sequence. Two approaches are possible, extraction of the membrane module with cleaning being done outside of the reactor or applying a cleaning-in-place (CIP) option. Both approaches will be investigated. Different CIP procedures will be studied in order to minimize waste production and the down-time in operation/production caused by these procedures. Efficiency of the cleaning protocols will be determined through evaluating standardized global performances tests (flux recovery) combined with local observations of the membrane surface (i.e. X-ray and epifluorecence microscopy techniques) for an assessment of the cleaning efficiency. Long term aspects of cleaning strategies will be included.

WP6.3 Residual / waste management

During chemical cleaning wastes will be generated that need to be handled according to the nature of the components (i.e. hazardous wastes). An evaluation and assessment of wastes generated and recommendations for handling theses as well as residuals will be made. The effects of this component on the overall operating and maintenance will be integrated in the cost model (WP1)

WP6.4 Membrane life-time

Membrane life-time is a function of exposure to extreme conditions and chemical cleaning is such a situation. The effect of a chemical cleaning protocol and frequency is therefore an important aspect of determining the life-time of a membrane module. Membrane module replacement represents a significant aspect in terms of investment and maintenance costs for the MBR process, and as such membrane life-time is an essential parameter with respect to any cost analysis (cost model WP1). Studies will be undertaken to evaluate life-time effects on a membrane module based on a recommended cleaning protocols defined in 6.2. Tests will be conducted on the various pilot plants based on the different membranes employed across the centres involved to evaluate both the membrane and potting material with respect to aging. Accelerated aging test will also be conducted on specific membrane modules in parallel. An autopsy of the different membrane modules tested will be carried out and membranes will be characterized.

Deliverables & Milestones

Month 6 definition of cleaning protocols

Month 12 cleaning protocol tests

Month 24 assessment of cleaning protocols, recommendations for residual management

Month 30 pilot plant testing, membrane module autopsies

Month 36 Report: Life-time analysis as a function of membrane cleaning

Work package nr.	WP6			Start date or starting event:				0
Activity Type	RTD/Innovation activities
Participant id	NTNU	RWTH	UKZN		UTS	Polymem	KMS		WHD	EV
Person-months per participant:	9	6	6		14	11	2		4	3

Objectives Defining cleaning strategies and protocols; - to make an assessment of potential cleaning strategies - propose cleaning protocols as a function of MBR design and operation - to make an assessment of residuals and waste management after chemical cleaning - investigate the effect of cleaning strategies/protocols on membrane life-time

Description of work 6.1 Cleaning strategies Exhaustive assessment of cleaning strategies will be defined for all types of membrane bioreactors operating at lab and industrial scales. Experience of all the SME and RTD partners involved in this WP6 will be used : WHD for immersed flat sheet membranes ; EV, KMS and Polymem for immersed hollow fibres membranes ; NTNU for fixed biomass MBR ; UKZN for Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) ; and UTS and RWTH for various MBR geometries. Assessment will cover both physical (hydraulic, air-scour, mechanical) and chemical (oxidation, anti-scaling) techniques of cleaning. 6.2 Cleaning protocols Definition of different cleaning protocols (external cleaning – CIP) and testing will be carried out on MBR at both lab scale (NTNU, RWTH, UKZN, UTS) and full scale plants (WHD, EV). The protocols will be employed in the ongoing studies within the project with data feedback to assess the chosen approaches. Efficiency of the cleaning protocols will be determined through evaluating standardized global performances tests and membrane tests. Impact of cleaning agents on membranes properties (contact angle, permeability and cut off) of fouled and un-fouled membranes will be investigated (NTNU, RWTH). Fouled membranes will be extracted from pilot and full scale plants of projects partners or experimentally fouled by specific solutions. ABR/MBR will be operated in order to assess different backwashing and cleaning techniques. The amounts of cleaning needing disposal will be noted. Membrane material will be provided for autopsies. Polymem will manufactured and provide lab scale modules for RTD partners and will expertise the results obtained of the cleaning protocols. WHD will operate a full scale MBR with a capacity of 100 m3/h with flat sheet membranes of Toray (Japan). The effect of cleaning will be monitored and evaluated. Dependant of the results, cleaning procedures will be changed for the next cleanings protocols. EV, operating two MBR in Germany, Rödingen and Nordkanal, will also give information on chemical strategies currently used. 6.3 Residual / waste management An evaluation and assessment of wastes generated during cleaning will be done by WHD, EV and recommendations for handling these. The effects of this component on the overall operating and maintenance will be integrated in the cost model (WP1). 6.4 Membrane life-time Test and evaluate membrane aging and life-time as a function of cleaning protocols chosen. Polymem will build a pilot plant to perform ageing tests on several full membranes modules to estimate the impact of chemicals cleaning protocols, chosen in the previous tasks, on the life time of the membranes. Evaluation of effects of cleaning protocols on membrane characteristics will be achieved by autopsy of the different modules, and membranes will be characterized in Polymem lab (i.e. stress-stain tests, burst pressure tests, SEM)

Deliverables D8 - Identification of cleaning protocols, literature and pilot studies D14 - Report - Cleaning protocol tests D23 - Report - Testing of cleaning protocols D24 - Report - Recommendation for chemical waste D28 - Pilot plant testing D29 - Membrane module autopsies D38 - Report - Life-time analysis as a function of membrane cleaning

Milestones and expected result M6.1 +6 Definition of cleaning protocols – experimental plan for testing defined strategies M6.2 +12 Cleaning protocol tests M6.3 +24 Assessment of cleaning protocols, recommendations for residual management M6.4 +30 pilot plant testing, membrane autopsies M6.5 +36 Report - Life-time analysis as a function of membrane cleaning

1.11.7WP7 Concentrate / sludge handling

Objectives

The aims of this Work Package are to detect the impact of the MBR process on the qualitative-quantitative characteristics of the waste sludge produced.

Specific goals are:

1. 
   to develop a new mathematical model in order to predict sludge production under different operational conditions (influent composition, SRT, HRT)
   
2. 
   to assess the impact of the process conditions on the residual respiration rate of the sludge, in order to define the best disposal strategy
   
3. 
   to assess the impact of chemical conditioning on sludge dewaterability
   

Methodology / work description

The activities are defined in the sub-tasks listed

WP7.1 Sludge production model

The few available studies which quantify and predict sludge formation in MBR plants (Wagner and Rosenwinkel, 2000; Ghyoot and Verstraete, 1999) have been calibrated and validated using synthetic feed. Other models, although showing the explicit relationship between sludge age and sludge production, neglect the inlet sludge fraction (Wen et al., 1999). This sub-WP will develop a mathematical model by considering the influent COD fractionation assessed by respirometric tests. During the calibration phase, growth and decay rates will be experimentally measured by applying respirometric techniques to sludge samples kept from both laboratory and pilot scale plants (see WP4, WP5). Validation will be then performed under different operational conditions in order to verify the model reliability.

WP7.2 Sludge stabilisation

In many real cases, MBRs are planned to operate in parallel to an existing conventional activated sludge process. Waste sludge streams from both lines are usually addressed to the same treatment facilities; this leads to a non-optimised strategy for sludge handling. During the activity of this sub-WP respirometric tests will be performed on samples of sludge from pilot plants in order to measure the residual oxygen up-take rate of the sludge and to define the best stabilisation procedure to use (aerobic/anaerobic). Results from this analysis and economical considerations deriving from both mass and energy balances will be used to validate the cost model developed by WP1.

WP7.3 Dewaterability

Very few studies are available about dewatering and further processing of MBR sludge. This sub-WP will compare sludge from conventional activated sludge processes and from MBRs in terms of typical parameters adopted to describe sludge dewaterability (SRF, specific resistance to filtration and CST capillary suction time). Tests will be also carried out on a suitable pilot scale press belt, by dosing different concentrations of both organic (polyelectrolytes) and inorganic chemicals (e.g. ferric chloride) and by varying operational conditions such as working pressure between cloth belts, belt porosity, belt speed and linear sludge loading on belt width. The role of key species, such as extra-cellular polymeric substances, on dewaterability will also be appraised.

Deliverables & Milestones

Month 3 State of the art and definition on a common basis; parameter definition for sludge component

Month 12 Completion of development, calibration and validation of the mathematical model

Month 24 Completion of assessment of impact of process conditions (SRT, MLSS concentration) on residual respiration rate

Month 30 Completion of study of filterability (SRF) and dewaterability (CST) for both activated sludge and MBR plants; tests on pilot-scale belt press

Month 36 Final report

Work package nr.	WP7		Start date or starting event:					3
Activity Type	RTD/Innovation activities
Participant id	NTNU	UM2		UNITN	UKZN	Polymem	EV
Person-months per participant:	3	3		6	3	1	3

Objectives - to develop a new mathematical model in order to predict sludge production under different operational conditions (influent composition, SRT, HRT) (supplement to WP5 model) - to assess impact of process conditions on sludge residual respiration rate in order to define the best disposal strategy - to optimise sludge dewaterability by means of chemical conditioning

Description of work 7.1 Sludge production model, There are no general sludge production models available to predict sludge formation in MBR processes where only a few based on synthetic wastewaters have been proposed. Starting from the process modelling foreseen in WP 3 and WP 4, the aspects related to sludge production will be taken into account in order to develop a mathematical model able to predict the daily sludge production under different operational conditions. The calibration and the validation of the model will be carried out by using the experimental data obtained from the experimental activity in WP3 and WP 4. The model will start from the COD fractionation and biomass characterisation carried out in WP 5. A general model based on influent COD fractionation assessed by respirometric tests is proposed. Input from WP 4 and WP 5 will be assessed and the validation of the model will be conducted by application to the ongoing studies in the project for model verification (UM II, UNITN). The most suitable software environment will be chosen at the beginning of the work (Mathlab, AQUASIM, GPS-X). 7.2 Sludge stabilization, As for conventional ASP treatment the excess sludge will require further treatment. Sludge stabilisation procedures (aerobic/anaerobic) are already integrated in a wastewater treatment plant. Studies will be done to determine the optimal procedure for MBR sludge, through the measurement of the residual respiration rate according to a previously defined common approach. Results from this analysis and economical considerations deriving from both mass and energy balances will be used to validate the cost model developed by WP1 (UM II, UNITN, Polymem, EV). 7.3 Dewaterability, Dewatering is an integral unit process in sludge treatment. Few studies have been conducted on dewatering of MBR sludge. The effect of different SRT and F/M ratio will be also investigated in terms of conventional parameters used to describe the sludge conditions (MLSS, MLVSS, SVI). Standard procedures will be assessed for measuring sludge viscosity, SRF (Specific Resistance to Filtration), residual respiration rate. Conventional parameters (SRF, viscosity and, where possible, PSD and CST) will be measured to assess MBR sludge dewaterability as a function of MBR design and operating conditions (NTNU, UM II, UNITN, UKZN, Polymem, EV); sludge samples will be kept from the experimental rigs available at UNITN facilities and tests will be carried out by UNITN on a suitable bench scale filter belt whose configuration allows to simulate the real working conditions of the same full scale machine.

Deliverables D3 - State of the art and definition on a common basis; parameter definition for sludge component D15 - Report - Mathematical model development, sludge D25 - Report - Assessment of impact of process conditions (i.e. SRT, MLSS concentration) on residual respiration rate D30 - Completion of study of filterability (SRF) and dewaterability (CST) for AS and MBR plants; pilot scale belt press tests D39 - Report - Sludge management

Milestones and expected result M7.1 +3 State of the art and definition on a common basis M7.2 +18 Completion of development, calibration and validation of the mathematical model M7.3 +24 Completion of assessment of impact of process conditions (SRT, MLSS conc.) on residual respiration rate M7.4 +30 Completion of study of filterability (SRF) and dewaterability (CST) for both activated sludge and MBR plants; tests on pilot-scale belt press M7.5 +36 Report - Sludge management

1.11.8WP8 MBR case studies

Objectives

The aims of this Work Package are to assess the impact of scale of operation on:

1. 
   overall performance (in pilot and full-scale plants), and
   
2. 
   long term operating conditions
   

with reference to optimal conditions identified in WPs 2-7 at the various scales of operation. This will then provide an indication as to whether identified optimal conditions warrant implementation. This work package will also incorporate a consideration of the benefits of retrofitting and upgrading.

Methodology / work description

The activities are defined in the sub-tasks listed.

WP8.1 Pilot and case studies

Data from bench and pilot-scale trails conducted as part of the previously listed WPs will be appraised. The partner’s resources include a variety of bench scale and pilot plant equipment which will be used for the various studies. Results will be compared with those from existing full-scale plants and reported case studies. Large scale pilot plants and full-scale MBR operating studies will be included in the project activities through the facilities operated by WHD and EV. The data from the full-scale operations will be supplied by the end-user partners. Full-scale testing will be implemented at the wastewater treatment plants operated by the partners. This will be used both to assess the applicability of optimised operating conditions as identified from bench-scale studies to higher scales of operation, and to assess the feasibility of the options outlined in WP8.2.

WP8.2 Upgrading and retrofitting

Upgrading of an existing ASP with membrane technology can take two forms:

• 
  use of membrane modules for filtering of the biomass
  
• 
  use of a supplementary MBR in tandem with the existing ASP
  

Upgrading of conventional aerated-tank biotreatment processes has generally taken the form of retrofitting, generally by immersing membrane modules into the reactor tank. Whilst this option is not unreasonable for a sequencing batch reactor, it creates problems in the case of a conventional ASP which is inevitably oversized for an MBR. A more practical solution is to simply treat part of the flow downstream of either the inlet screen or the primary clarifier. The product water can then be blended with that from the ASP. This would be sufficient to meet all but the most rigorous of consents. Moreover, blending of the two sludge products may well create a more dewaterable sludge. WP8.2 will assess the relative viability of the two options through combining information provided from WP7.3 with that collated as part of WP8.1, supplemented with textbook literature information existing for ASPs
WP8.3 Cost model data collation

All data from WP8.1 and WP8.2 will be collated for the overall cost model developed as part of WP1.

Deliverables & Milestones

Month 12 Collation of data from literature pilot studies

Month 30 Collation of data from sludge dewatering trails

Month 33 Collation of all data, sludge, pilot and full-scale MBR trials

Work package nr.	WP8		Start date or starting event:				6
Activity Type	RTD/Innovation activities
Participant id	IBET	DUT		UNITN	UKZN	Polymem		WHD	EV
Person-months per participant:	3	2		3	3	8		42	3

Objectives Io assess the scale of operation on; - overall performance, and - operating conditions with reference to optimal conditions identified in WPs 2-7 at the various scales of operation. This will then provide an indication as to whether identified optimal conditions warrant implementation. This work package will also incorporate a consideration of the benefits of retrofitting and upgrading.

Description of work 8.1 Pilot and case studies, (IBET, DUT, UNITN, UKZN, Polymem, WHD, EV) Data from bench and pilot-scale trails conducted as part of the previously listed WPs will be appraised and compared with those from existing full-scale plants and reported case studies. This will be used both to assess the applicability of optimised operating conditions as identified from bench-scale studies to higher scales of operation, and to assess the feasibility of the options outlined in 8.2. 8.2 Upgrading and retrofitting, (DUT, UNITN, Polymem, WHD, EV) Upgrading of an existing ASP with membrane technology can take two forms: - use of membrane modules for filtering of the biomass - use of a supplementary MBR in tandem with the existing ASP The sub-task will assess the relative viability of the two options through combining information provided from WP7.3 with that collected from WP8.1, supplemented with textbook literature information existing for ASPs. 8.3 Cost model data collation, (IBET, DUT, UNITN, UKZN, Polymem, WHD, EV) All data from 8.1 and 8.2 will be collated for the overall cost model developed as part of WP1

Deliverables D31 - Collation of data from sludge dewatering trails D32 - Collation of all data, sludge, pilot and full-scale MBR D40 - Report - Cost model and const benefit analysis, all data

Milestones and expected result M8.1 +12 Collation of data from literature pilot studies M8.2 +30 Collation of data from sludge dewatering trails M8.3 +33 Collation of all data, sludge, pilot and full-scale MBR trials M8.4 +36 Final report

1.11.9WP9 Presentation and dissemination of results

Objectives

The aims of this Work Package are:

1. 
   to organize information management for the consortium
   
2. 
   to manage reporting procedures and publications
   
3. 
   to organize and distribute information from the project (i.e. workshop / conference)
   
4. 
   manage and maintain clustering activities with the AMEDEUS project
   

Methodology / work description

The presentation and dissemination of results will be organized and conducted as defined in the sub-tasks listed below;

WP9.1 Internet platform for dissemination of results

Proposed clustering activity will include the following tasks;

- Set-up a common entry port to both project AMEDEUS and EUROMBRA and the MBR internet platform, with common registration point for a “Project Interest Group”.

- Participate together with AMEDEUS to set-up and maintain a public internet-based discussion group on MBR, including (i) registration possibility for all interested users of discussion group (withdrawal possible at any time), (ii) possibility to members to send a communication or a question to all other registered members (via the web-master to control ethic and administration rules), (iii) possibility to members to reply to the group (via the web-master) or directly to the question emitter, (iv) all email exchanged within the group will be archived on the public domain of the internet site for any posterior consultation with search engine by key-words

- Develop, organise and maintain a public and internet-based Knowledge Network on MBR applications hosting a multitude of information and interactive features such as (i) data base and contact information of registered companies and institutions dealing with MBR (incl. specialities and commercial offers), with links to related internet sites, (ii) possibly a database on research and operational projects as documented by the members, (iii) data base of events (conferences, workshops, training seminars etc), fed by members + web-master, with automatic mailing of deadlines, (iv) database of MBR literature and publications with search engine by author or key-words (books, articles, etc)
EUROMBRA Web site:

- For the EUROMBRA project, set-up an internet-based information system to facilitate information exchange within the Consortium (access to partners only) and preparation of applicable data for the common internet platform.

WP9.2 International workshops / conferences

The EUROMBRA partners will host/arrange international specialty workshops to present major findings from the project. Efforts will be made to integrate this task within the clustering activities foreseen with the AMEDEUS project. A variety of options will be investigated including;

• 
  organization of international and national workshop and specialty conferences on the topics covered in the projects. Some events will be organized and held jointly with the AMEDEUS project. Presentation of results and findings of the project will also be conducted within on-going seminar/conference series, i.e. EUROMembrane, NAMS, IWA specialty group conferences, MBR colloquium (hosted by RWTH), annual MBR workshop (hosted by CU) etc. Several of the partners are key persons and involved in these events and therefore will be able to promote the studies undertaken in the project.
  
• 
  a common symposium by AMEDEUS and EUROMBRA will be organized at the completion of the project period to sum up the results and findings from the project efforts
  

WP9.3 Scientific reports

The scientific reports will include the status of the work as reported every half year in the Interim Activity Reports to be given for each WP. A Periodic Activity Report will be issued on a 12 month basis. Summaries of these reports will be evaluated for publication in the public domain of the EUROMBRA website or made suitable to be published within the EU commission’s information systems, i.e. CORDIS. Final reports and findings from the project will be compiled and made available through the EUROMBRA website upon completion of the project.

WP9.4 Publications

In addition to proceedings from participation in the international workshops/conferences, the results from the project will be presented as journal papers in refereed journals (e.g. Journal of Membrane Science, Desalination, Water Science and Technology ++) and in national magazines for engineering practitioners, as well as at international and national conferences.

12 out of the 18 partners in EUROMBRA are university and research organizations. A large bulk of the tasks to be undertaken in the project will be conducted as Post.doc research work, within PhD studies and MSc thesis work. The respective documents related to this work will be available to the general public and accessible through the university libraries.

Deliverables & Milestones

Month 6 Initiation of the project web site, collaboration with AMEDEUS on common entry point

Month 12-36 Various conference contributions and publications

Month 36 “Final” web site. Summary of results and reports, publications, workshop / conference

Month 36 Joint AMEDEUS and EUROMBRA symposium to conclude projects and clustering

Work package nr.	WP9				Start date or starting event:							0
Activity Type	Management activities
Participant id	NTNU	CU	RWTH	IBET		INSA	UM2	DUT	EAWAG	UNITN	UTS		UKZN	Polymem	KMS	Fl.co
Person-months per participant:	3	1	1	1		1	1	1	1	1	2		1	1	1	1

Objectives Presentation and dissemination of results Organize information management for the consortium Manage reporting procedures Organize and distribute final reports and documentation Manage clustering activity with the AMEDEUS project

Description of work 9.1 Internet platform for dissemination of results As apart of the clustering activity between the AMEDEUS and EUROMBRA projects a common entry port for a MBR internet platform will be established. This platform constitutes the basis for common information exchange and the development of an internet-based discussion and knowledge network/ database for MBR applications. For the EUROMBRA project, set-up an internet-based information system to facilitate information exchange within the Consortium (access to partners only). This site will be used for gathering information from the project partners and contain updated information on the project and related activities at the project partner institutions. It will also include relevant information for the rest of the world about the development of MBR processes for advanced treatment of municipal wastewater connected through the common clustering platform. 9.2 International workshops / conferences and publications The EUROMBRA partners will host/arrange international specialty workshops to present major findings from the project. Efforts will be made to integrate this task within the clustering activities foreseen with the AMEDEUS project. - events will be organized and held jointly with the AMEDEUS project - participate and contribute in on-going conferences series (i.e. EUROMembrane, NAMS, IWA speciality groups), MBR colloquiums and workshops hosted by consortium partners (i.e. CU, RWTH) - host a common symposium with AMEDEUS and EUROMBRA group at the completion of the project period to sum up the results and findings from the project efforts 9.3 Scientific reports The scientific reports will include the status of the work as reported every half year in the Interim Activity Reports to be given for each WP. A Periodic Activity Report will be issued on a 12 month basis. Summaries of these reports will be evaluated for publication in the public domain of the EUROMBRA website or made suitable to be published within the EU commission’s information systems, i.e. CORDIS. Final reports and findings from the project will be compiled and made available through the EUROMBRA website upon completion of the project. 9.4 Publications The results from the project will be presented in refereed journals (e.g. Journal of Membrane Science, Desalination, Water Science and Technology ++) and in national magazines for engineering practitioners, as well as at international and national conferences. 12 out of the 18 partners in EUROMBRA are university and research organizations. A large bulk of the tasks to be undertaken in the project will be conducted as Post.doc research work, within PhD studies and MSc thesis work. The respective documents related to this work will be available to the general public and accessible through the university libraries.

Deliverables D41 Initiation of project web-site D42 Organization of international workshops/conferences D43 Publications; scientific reports, workshop/conferences contributions, journal papers D44 Summary website; Results, reports, publications and conclusion of project

Milestones and expected result M9.1 +6 Intimation of project web-site (The site will be updated throughout the program) M9.2 +6-36 Scientific reports and publications M9.3 +6-36 Organization and participation in international workshops/conferences M9.4 +36 "Final" Web-site; final results / reports / publications etc. will be made available

1.11.10WP10 Overall and scientific coordination

This WP covers the overall project management tasks as described in section 6.

Work package nr.	WP10		Start date or starting event:				0
Activity Type		Management activities
Participant id		NTNU
Person-months per participant:		9

Objectives Perform a leadership within the budgetary frames so that the main scientific and technological objectives of the project are reached and the results are made available for the participants.

Description of work Headlines of Project Administration management: Establish and maintain lines of project communication system Co-ordinate and define project management structure; Project Steering Committee, Work Package Committees Plan and arrange regular Project Steering Committee meetings Assist as necessary in arranging Work Package Committee meetings Monitor project organization and staff Manage deviations from project schedule Monitor use of economic resources versus project status Manage reporting plan; Report activities to the Commission (Interim Activity Reports / Periodic Activity Reports) Co-ordinate compilation of scientific reports / publications (Project web-site) Co-ordinate dissemination activities (International workshops/conferences) Carry out post project evaluation Manage clustering activities with AMEDEUS

Deliverables D45 Project kick-off meeting. D46 Clustering activity with the AMEDEUS project. D47 Interim Activity Reports / Periodic Activity Reports. D48 Project Steering Committee meetings. D49 Project finished (final report, software available, documents published, and final financial report).

Milestones and expected result M10.1 + 3: Project kick-off meeting M10.2 +6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36: PSC meetings, interim and periodic reports.