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This element in Winfield’s definition is designed, not so much as to provide a



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OLW 204 Law of Tort-Part I,AGGREY WAKILI

This element in Winfield’s definition is designed, not so much as to provide a 
workable tool for identifying various branches of tortious liability. The element 
operates as a formula for distinguishing Tortious Liability from other forms of 
legal liability. 
 
The Law of Contract, for example, exists at its simplest form, for the purposes of 
ensuring that parties perform their part of promises or contractual obligations. 
In contract it is the contracting parties who before hand chart out their 
respective liabilities, responsibilities and promises. One may dare say that in 
Contract parties to an agreement determine their own way of binding 
themselves to their agreement. Tortious duties exist by virtue of the law itself 
and are not dependent upon agreement or consent of the persons subjected to 


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them. In Tort, parties do not agree before hand the nature of their liabilities. 
Their respective liabilities are there by virtue of existing law on the matter. The 
fact that in the Law of Tort liability is fixed by the Law of Torts and not parties 
distinguishes Law of Tort from Contractual Liability. 
 
A breach of contract, which is based on a definite agreement between 
determinate persons, is an infringement of a right in 
personam
, that is, an 
infringement of a right available only against some determinate person or body 
and the community at large has no concern. In the Law of Contract parties 
determine their own duties and responsibilities and the duty is fixed by the will 
and consent of definite person/persons. In the Law of Tort, the duty is imposed 
by the law and is owed to the community at large. 

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