The Arabic Language
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| *tǝktǝbu
‘you [plural] write’; in Moroccan Arabic this becomes tkǝtbu . In other Maghreb dialects, the outcome of this rule is different. Some of them, such as the dialect of the Muslims of Tunis, elide the vowel ( tǝktbu ), or reduplicate the first radical, such as the dialect of the Muslims of Algiers ( yǝkkǝ́tbu ); other dialects have chosen still other solutions ( tǝ́kkǝtbu , tǝ́kǝtbu , tēkǝ́tbu , tḗkǝtbu ; cf. Fischer and Jastrow 1980: 254–6). The verbal paradigm of Moroccan Arabic demonstrates the effects of the phenomena mentioned above, as shown in Table 11.6. ktǝb yǝktǝb kǝtbu ykǝtbu kǝtbǝt tǝktǝb tǝktǝb ktǝbti ktǝbtiw tkǝtbu tkǝtbi ktǝbt ktǝbna nǝktǝb nkǝtbu Table 11.6 The verbal paradigm of Moroccan Arabic The system of derived measures has achieved a greater symmetry in the Maghreb than in the Eastern Arabic dialects. In Moroccan Arabic, for instance, the most frequent derived measures are the second measure ( ʿǝllǝm ‘to teach’), the third measure ( qatǝl ‘to fight’) and the eighth measure ( štġǝl or štaġǝl ‘to work’). From all measures, including the first (stem verb), a passive may be derived in t- , tt- or n- . Most Moroccan dialects have tt- , for example, ttǝktǝb ‘to be written’, ttšaf ‘to be seen’, ttǝqra ‘to be recited’, from the verbs ktǝb , šaf , qra . Passives with n- occur mostly in the north and in Jewish varieties of Arabic. In some dialects, a wide variety of combinations occurs, for instance, in the dialect of Skūra tt- , n- , ttǝn- , ttnǝ- , so that many forms have variants, for example, ttnǝktǝb / ttǝktǝb ‘to be written’ (from ktǝb ‘to write’), ttǝssǝḥsǝn / nǝssǝḥsǝn / ttnǝssǝḥsǝn ‘to be approved’ (from ssǝḥsǝn ‘to approve’, Classical Arabic istaḥsana ). The origin of these new passive formations is disputed. Since they occur not only in the derived measures, but in the stem verb as well, they must be new dialectal formations. They may have been formed on the analogy of the Classical Arabic fifth measure tafaʿʿala (in the case of the t- forms), and from the Classical Arabic seventh measure infaʿala (in the case of the n- forms). But it has also been proposed that these forms represent earlier Semitic categories, since a similar t- form occurs in Ethiopic and Aramaic. There may also be a connection with the Berber passive formation in t- , as Aguadé and Elyaacoubi (1995: 66) suggest. A special position is taken up by the Ḥassāniyya dialect of Mauritania. It has The Dialects of Arabic 215 all the characteristic features of a Bedouin dialect, but apart from that we find here a series of unique innovations. In the phonological system, the dialect has a voiced /v/ that continues Classical Arabic /f/, for example, Yüklə 2,37 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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