The Arabic Language
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partial calque murāqib al-ḫuṭūṭ ‘linesman’ compound calques ḍarba rukniyya, ḥurra, ‘corner (kick)’, ‘free kick’ ḍarbat al-marmā, al-jazāʾ ‘goal kick’, ‘penalty (kick)’ ḥāris al-marmā ‘goalkeeper’ neologisms marmā ‘goal’ tamrīr ‘pass’ paraphrases laʿiba l-kura bi-r-raʾs ‘to head’ semantic extension tasallul ‘offside’ (lit. ‘infiltration’) muḥāwara ‘dribble’ (lit. ‘engaging someone in a debate’) This example also shows that it may be difficult to classify a new term. The word marmā ‘goal’, for instance, could be regarded as a neologism (‘place where one throws’), or as the semantic extension of an existing term, meaning ‘target’. In computer terminology, the wish to go with the times and appear sophisti - cated competes with a tendency to purism that leads to the replacement of the English terms by neologisms. The omnipresent kumbyūtur (or similar translitera - tions) seems to be on the way out, and it is very likely that the actively promoted ḥāsūb ‘calculating machine’ will, indeed, win eventually. Some Arabic computer terms have already become current, such as munassiq al-kalima ‘word-processor’, šāša ‘computer screen’ and bank al-maʿlūmāt ‘databank’. The example of modern linguistic terminology in Arabic demonstrates the opposition between the purism of the academies and the attitude of modern linguists. There is no consensus on the name of ‘linguistics’ itself. In the Eastern Arab world, ʿilm al-luġa or luġawiyyāt is quite accepted, but linguists in the Maghreb The Emergence of Modern Standard Arabic 233 object to the traditional term and replace it with ʾalsuniyya or lisāniyyāt . The official Arabic equivalent of two central notions in modern linguistics, ‘morpheme’ and ‘phoneme’, is in the form of a paraphrase, ʿunṣur dāll ‘signifying element’ and waḥda ṣawtiyya ‘phonetic unit’ (word list of ALECSO). But most linguists simply transliterate the English terms, mūrfīm and fūnīm . One linguist (Mseddi 1984) coined completely new terms, ṣayġam (containing the element ṣīġa ‘form’) and ṣawtam (containing the element ṣawt ‘sound’). In the terminology of the social media ( wasāʾiṭ at-tawāṣul al-ijtimāʿī ), Arabic terms seem to dominate, most of them loan translations, for example, waṣla ‘link’, mawqiʿ ‘website’, aš-šabaka al-ʿankabūtiyya ‘world wide web’ (for which wīb is becoming increasingly popular because of the current translation in Facebook), dardaša ‘chatting’, mudawwana ‘blog’; sometimes, rather complicated descriptions are chosen, for example, milaff taʿrīf al-irtibāṭ for ‘cookie’. Yüklə 2,37 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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