Unshu Mandarins Japan Provisional Final ira

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PATHOGENS BACTERIA

Thysanoptera (thrips)
Chaetanaphothrips orchidii [Thripidae]	Citrus rust thrips	Feasible	Polyphagous species (Childers and Nakahara 2006) which is already established in Australia (Smith et al., 1997).	Significant	Considered a pest of economic importance for citrus in Florida (Childers and Nakahara 2006). Damage to citrus rind may affect marketability. Is a significant pest of Anthurium spp. damaging unopened buds and affecting marketability (CAB International 2007).	Yes (WA)
Frankliniella intonsa [Thripidae]	Intonsa flower thrips	Feasible	Host range includes capsicum, tomato, cotton, rice and peach (CAB International 2007). High reproductive rate - there are up to 22 generations per year, with females each laying up to 76 eggs each (Tang 1976).	Significant	Causes a medium level of damage on citrus in Korea, and control measures are considered necessary. Frankliniella intonsa is associated with economic damage of several crop species: asparagus, chrysanthemum, okra, tomatoes and peas. As part of a pest complex, F. intonsa has been associated with economic damage to strawberries in Italy and the UK, lucerne in former Czechoslovakia and nectarines in Greece (CAB International 2007).	Yes
Frankliniella occidentalis [Thripidae]	Western flower thrips	Feasible	Very wide host range including citrus, cucurbits, strawberry, apple, wheat and grapevine (CAB International 2004). High reproductive rate (Katayama 1997), with more than one generation per year (McDonald et al. 1998). Adults are capable of flight (Pearsall 2002).	Significant	Frankliniella occidentalis is a pest of several economically important crop species (Lewis 1997; CAB International 2004). It is also a vector of plant viruses (Lewis 1997; Inoue et al. 2004)	Yes (NT, Tas.)
Thrips palmi [Thripidae]	Melon thrips	Feasible	Main hosts are plants in the Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae families (CAB International 2007). Short lifecycle of about 18 days and high fecundity of up to 200 eggs per female (Wang et al. 1989).	Significant	It is a major pest of cucurbits and solanaceous pests in many tropical regions (CAB International 2007).	Yes (NT, SA, Tas., WA)
PATHOGENS
BACTERIA
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri	Asiatic citrus canker	Feasible	Narrow host range (Schubert et al. 2001). May be spread by rain splash and contaminated harvesting tools.	Significant	Can cause defoliation and premature fruit-drop. Infected fruit can carry visible canker lesions with significant consequences for fruit marketing (Schubert et al. 2001). Economic damage to the local citrus industry could be substantial as a result of reductions in the amount of marketable fruit.	Yes
FUNGI
Alternaria pellucida	Alternaria leaf spot	Feasible	Fugus can be associated with waste fruit or rind discarded to waste. It produces conidia (CABI Bioscience 2008) that can be wind dispersed.	Not significant	No – Although the fungus has been found on Japanese unshu mandarin fruit (ATCC 2008; Farr et al. 2008; CABI Bioscience 2008) its single isolation occurred in 1968. There have been no other reports including any damage or rot in fruit during the last 40 years, indicating it is of no economic significance.	No
Capnodium citri	Sooty mould	Feasible	Fungus is present superficially on the fruit rind discarded to waste and spores and mycelial fragments are windborne (Baker et al. 2008).	Not significant	Sooty mould fungi are not parasitic and only grow superficially on plant surfaces. They only lessen the aesthetic value of plant parts occasionally, or when on leaves slightly lower the vigor of plants by blocking sunlight essential for photosynthesis (Baker et al. 2008). USA considers sooty mould fungi not recorded in that country as non-actionable (USDA 1995).	No
Chaetoscorias vulgaris	Sooty mould	Feasible	Fungus is present superficially on the fruit rind discarded to waste and spores and mycelial fragments are windborne (Baker et al. 2008).	Not significant	Sooty mould fungi are not parasitic and only grow superficially on plant surfaces. They only lessen the aesthetic value of plant parts occasionally, or when on leaves slightly lower the vigor of plants by blocking sunlight essential for photosynthesis (Baker et al. 2008). USA considers sooty mould fungi not recorded in that country as non-actionable (USDA 1995).	No
Chaetothyrium javanicum	Sooty mould	Feasible	Fungus is present superficially on the fruit rind discarded to waste and spores and mycelial fragments are windborne (Baker et al. 2008).	Not significant	Sooty mould fungi are not parasitic and only grow superficially on plant surfaces. They only lessen the aesthetic value of plant parts occasionally, or when on leaves slightly lower the vigor of plants by blocking sunlight essential for photosynthesis (Baker et al. 2008). USA considers sooty mould fungi not recorded in that country as non-actionable (USDA 1995).	No
Corticium koleroga	Thread blight	Feasible	Coffee is the main host of this fungus (Segura et al. 2004). Host range in Mexico also includes apple trees (Jimenez-Fonseca and Mendoza-Zamora 1990) and pear trees (Chavez-Alfaro et al. 1995). Citrus species are hosts in the USA, some South American and Caribbean countries (Farr et al. 2008).	Not significant	On citrus, this fungus is seldom severe enough to require treatment and it is controlled with copper fungicides (Timmer 2000b). Copper fungicides are applied throughout the growing season in unshu production in Japan.	No
Diaporthe medusaea	Gummosis	Feasible	This pathogen already occurs in the eastern states of Australia on Erigeron (Asteraceae) (APPD 2007).	Not significant	There is limited information regarding this fungus on citrus in Japan (MAFF 1990), indicating that it is of minor importance. In Japan, this fungus is recorded as being less pathogenic on citrus than Diaporthe citri (Yamato 1977). While present in eastern Australia, it has not been recorded on Citrus spp. in Australia. Sporulation of this fungus occurs on dead plant material (Yamato 1976; JCACF 2002).	No
Guignardia citricarpa	Citrus black spot	Not feasible	This fungus is of subtropical distribution (Miles et al. 2004). The climate in SA is not suitable for the survival and therefore establishment of this fungus in SA (Paul et al. 2004).			No
Hypocapnodium japonicum	Sooty mould	Feasible	Fungus is present superficially on the fruit rind discarded to waste and spores and mycelial fragments are windborne (Baker et al. 2008).	Not significant	Sooty mould fungi are not parasitic and only grow superficially on plant surfaces. They only lessen the aesthetic value of plant parts occasionally, or when on leaves slightly lower the vigor of plants by blocking sunlight essential for photosynthesis (Baker et al. 2008). USA considers sooty mould fungi not recorded in that country as non-actionable (USDA 1995).	No
Leptoxyhium axillatum	Sooty mould	Feasible	Fungus is a typical component of sooty moulds on a wide range of host. It produces conidia that can be wind dispersed (Rodriguez et al. 2002).	Not significant	No – Although this fungus is associated with Citrus sp., it grows on honey dew of scale insects and is not considered a real disease of plants (Rodriguez et al. 2002).	No
Limacinia harae	Sooty mould	Feasible	Fungus is present superficially on the fruit rind discarded to waste and spores and mycelial fragments are windborne (Baker et al. 2008).	Not significant	Sooty mould fungi are not parasitic and only grow superficially on plant surfaces. They only lessen the aesthetic value of plant parts occasionally, or when on leaves slightly lower the vigor of plants by blocking sunlight essential for photosynthesis (Baker et al. 2008). USA considers sooty mould fungi not recorded in that country as non-actionable (USDA 1995).	No
Meliola butleri	Sooty mould	Feasible	Fungus is present superficially on the fruit rind discarded to waste and spores and mycelial fragments are windborne (Baker et al. 2008).	Not significant	Sooty mould fungi are not parasitic and only grow superficially on plant surfaces. They only lessen the aesthetic value of plant parts occasionally, or when on leaves slightly lower the vigor of plants by blocking sunlight essential for photosynthesis (Baker et al. 2008). USA considers sooty mould fungi not recorded in that country as non-actionable (USDA 1995).	No
Neocapnodium tanakae	Sooty mould	Feasible	Fungus is present superficially on the fruit rind discarded to waste and spores and mycelial fragments are windborne (Baker et al. 2008).	Not significant	Sooty mould fungi are not parasitic and only grow superficially on plant surfaces. They only lessen the aesthetic value of plant parts occasionally, or when on leaves slightly lower the vigor of plants by blocking sunlight essential for photosynthesis (Baker et al. 2008). USA considers sooty mould fungi not recorded in that country as non-actionable (USDA 1995).	No
Penicillium fructigenum	Fruit rot	Feasible	Infected fruit can be discarded into waste in Australia and Penicillium species produce large amounts of conidia dispersed in air (Agrios 2005).	Not significant	This pathogen is considered non-actionable in USA in spite of not being reported in that country (USDA 1995).	No
Scorias citrina	Sooty mould	Feasible	Fungus is present superficially on the fruit rind discarded to waste and spores and mycelial fragments are windborne (Baker et al. 2008).	Not significant	Sooty mould fungi are not parasitic and only grow superficially on plant surfaces. They only lessen the aesthetic value of plant parts occasionally, or when on leaves slightly lower the vigor of plants by blocking sunlight essential for photosynthesis (Baker et al. 2008). USA considers sooty mould fungi not recorded in that country as non-actionable (USDA 1995).	No
Sphaceloma fawcettii	Citrus scab	Feasible	Attacks several varieties of citrus (Timmer 2000a). Leaves are most susceptible to infection just as they emerge from the bud, and they become immune before reaching full size. Fruit remain susceptible to infection for about three months after petal fall (Whiteside 1988).	Significant	Shoot infection can be severe enough to cause stunting of susceptible rootstock seedlings in nurseries and seedbeds. Infection of actively emerging shoot apices causes much distortion of shoots and leaves. Infection of very young fruit produces warty outgrowths on the rind (Timmer 2000a). Heavily infected fruit may drop, and those remaining on the tree may be scarred and distorted to such a degree that they become unmarketable as fresh fruit (Knorr 1973).	Yes
Triposporiopsis spinigera	Sooty mould	Feasible	Fungus is present superficially on the fruit rind discarded to waste and spores and mycelial fragments are windborne (Baker et al. 2008).	Not significant	Sooty mould fungi are not parasitic and only grow superficially on plant surfaces. They only lessen the aesthetic value of plant parts occasionally, or when on leaves slightly lower the vigor of plants by blocking sunlight essential for photosynthesis (Baker et al. 2008). USA considers sooty mould fungi not recorded in that country as non-actionable (USDA 1995).	No
Viruses
Citrus leaf rugose virus	Citrus leaf rugose	Not feasible	Virus transmitted by grafting and mechanical inoculation (Brunt et al. 1996). Brunt et al. (1996) speculate that it is possibly seed transmitted but there is no supporting evidence. Also, although the virus is found in Australia except in Western Australia, there is no evidence of spread (Brunt et al. 1996). Unshu mandarins are seedless (Chapter 3). Therefore, establishment from imported fruit is unlikely.			No
Citrus psorosis virus	Psorosis complex	Not feasible	Graft-transmitted disease (Derrick and Barthe 2000). Seed and insect vectors failed to transmit the virus (Thind et al. 1999) Establishment of a graft-transmissible disease from imported fruit is unlikely.			No
Apple stem grooving virus	Tatter leaf and citrange stunt	Not feasible	The virus is graft-transmitted (MAFF 1990; Miyakawa and Ito 2000), and establishment in Australia through imported fruit is unlikely.			No
Citrus tristeza virus	Citrus quick decline	Not feasible	Disease is aphid and graft -transmitted (Brunt et al. 1996; Lee and Bar-Joseph 2000). Establishment in Australia through imported fruit is unlikely. Long distance spread between countries is by movement of infected budwood. The virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by its aphid vectors. Association of aphids with export fruit is unlikely. Virus is not transmitted by seed (Brunt et al. 1996). Unshu mandarins are seedless (Chapter 3).			No
Citrus enation – woody gall virus	Vein enation	Not feasible	Transmitted by insect vectors and grafting (Brunt et al. 1996), and therefore establishment through imported fruit is unlikely.			No
Citrus yellow mottle associated virus	Citrus yellow mottle disease	Not feasible	Graft transmissible agent (Garnsey 2000), so establishment through imported fruit is unlikely.			No
Satsuma dwarf virus (Citrus mosaic virus, natsudaidai dwarf virus, navel orange infectious mottling virus).	Satsuma dwarf	Not feasible	Graft-transmitted (Iwanami and Koizumi 2000), so establishment in Australia through imported fruit is unlikely. Seed transmission was reported in bush bean but not observed in other other hosts. Natural spread through an unknown soilborne vector has been observed in Japan but entry of soil with imported fruit is unlikely. Hence, establishment through imported fruit is not possible.			No
Viroids
Citrus bent leaf viroid		Not feasible	No – Graft transmissible (Ashulin et al. 1991). Establishment through imported fruit is unlikely.			No
Citrus exocortis viroid	Exocortis	Not feasible	No – Graft transmissible; not vector or seed transmission; dissemination occurs principally through propagation of symptomless infected budwood (Duran-Vila et al. 2000b). Establishment through imported fruit is unlikely.			No
Citrus viroid III		Not feasible	No – Graft transmissible (Najar and Duran-Vila 2004). Establishment through imported fruit is unlikely.			No
Citrus viroid IV		Not feasible	No – Graft transmissible (Najar and Duran-Vila 2004). Establishment through imported fruit is unlikely.			No
Citrus viroid original source		Not feasible	No – Graft transmissible (Vernière et al. 2004). Establishment through imported fruit is unlikely.			No
Hop stunt viroid	Cachexia	Not feasible	No – Graft transmissible (Duran-Vila et al. 2000a). Establishment through imported fruit is unlikely.			No

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