What are gro wlers? How do you think they got their name?
I Circle powerful words or phrases
Yüklə 0,97 Mb.
|
- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- ! Something that surprises youfi{t,;:i
I Circle powerful words or phrasesI Underline words or phrases you do not understand R · · qfJest· ? I . ruses a question lftar; :ih ! Something that surprises youfi{t,;:ihftoh I -+Draw an arrow when youmake a connection to text, ideas, or experi• ences I Write important thoughts in theM marg•In tho Y the fJghts in "1arg;h .· . RA;:ici With A P1:mAtt rih 11tin n nmA rinhts rAsAn1Prl h\/ Tr;:ir. \/ W;:it;:in;:ihA · · Phntn Attrih11tin n nmA rinhts rAsPn1Arl h\/ m r c::rl k rP I·
s into the Arctic to search for a sea route between the North Atlantic and
1
so were canceled. He wasn't going to f ollow orders from Worsley or Shackleton
I
3
5
them.
Description descriptive adjectives
Cause/Effect The author tells what cause, effect, ha ppened, the cause, therefore, reasons 0:1 ' " i'" • When the temperature drops below 45 degrees, it result , and so, I I
and its effects. why, because, as a I T.., tolvt,c... since causes goose bumps to pop up on my skin. As a result, I shiver. Problem/Solution The author states a The problem is... problem and then gives His dilemma was... one or more solutions. It solved, resolved may be done by posing Question? a question and then Answers.... answerin it. ikcf',-d.,lrn Goose bumps made my teeth chatter! But I resolved the problem by wrapping up in Dad's warm jacket.
Optional Team Building Activity: This is a nonverbal exercise.
Student Handout 1: "Decisions Decisions" Group member's names: Background: Consensus can be hard to achie ve, especially when faced with life and death decisions that need to be made quickly. In this activity, you are part of Ernest Shackleton's 1914 exhibition to Antarctica. Your ship, Endurance, has been stuck in the ice of Antarctica's Weddell Sea for nine months. The pressure from the ice surrounding it the ship will soon crush it and swallow it into the sea. Your tasked with choosing and prioritizing items to take off the ship that will be important to the crew's survival until being rescued. You cannot take everything, so you will need to choose wisely. Directions:
Which it ems were the easie st and most difficult to agree on t aking? Exl pain why in each case. What principles {criteria) guided your decisio n s? Which member of your group influenced the decisions the m ost and how? Explain how your group reso lved any diff erences of opinion? Describe how each member of the group felt about the final decisio n s? Student Handout 2: Shackelton' s Decisions as described from first hand accounts from the Shackleton and his men's journals
Some choices depended on the journey. The pack ice proved to be too rough for sledge s (3), and the dogs required t oo many provi sion s. (They were eut hanized.) The lamp wi cks (1), an d art ist' s oil paints (1) were used to caulk the lifeboats and the tools (1) and wooden crat es (1) were essential to m aintai n the lifeboat s. Sha ckleton 's firs t concerns were for the necessit ies of life. Penguins and seals were easily hunted with rifles (1), so canned meat (2) was unnec essary.Pisto ls ho wever, would have been dead weight (3). Fresh water (2) was essential, but heavy and bulky . Glacial ice, iceberg fragment s, and snow are plent iful sources of fr esh water if there is a stove (1), ke rosen e (1), matches (1), and cooking pots (1) to melt them in. Sh elte r includes st aying warm . Rop e (1) has many uses, includin g makin g replacement shelter for the fl imsy tent s (2) from sail canvas (1). Woolen long underwear (1) and rein deer skin sleeping bags (1) are warm when wet because they trap air. Cotton shirts (3) st ay sat urated and cold. Navigation to South Georgia depended on sext ant (1) sightings of the sun, not sta rs; so star charts (3) were unnecessary. The value of med ical supplies (1), knives (1), an d a compass (1) are obvious. Calling for help was not an opt ion. Sh ackleton was too far from any rescuers fo r a radio (3), sign al mirror (3), a ship' s bell (3), or a flare pist ol (3) to be useful. Shackleton was also con cerned about t he mental health of hi s men and included playing cards (1) and book s (1) to help them through times when they were forced to lie low. Perhap s this explains why the ext ra weight of journals and pencils (2), and a camera and film (2) were permi tt ed. But the soccer ball (3) would see litt le opport unity for use unde r t hese condit ions. Ad apt ed from "Weighty Decision s" http:/ /www.pbs. org/wgbh/nova/ education/activities/ 2906 shacklet.html
Sensory Images Rubric Student's name: Phase 4: Synthesis Read Article: Shackleton's Leadership Role, During the "Heroic Age of Exploration, 11 the period in which Shackleton's 1914-1916 British Imperial Trans Antarctic Expedition took place, Antarctic expeditions often became ordeals of suffering. At the time, polar explorers were revered for their sacrifices and held up as heroes, albeit often tragic ones. At this same time, Shackleton distinguished himself as a hero, not only arnong the masses, but also among the 27 men- officers, scientists and seamen- who were his crew members on the expedition. Shackleton earned the respect of these men, not to mention the respect of millions today, by being a leader who put his men's well being, both mental and physical, above all else. Sha ckleton's extraordinary leadership skills contributed lo these 27 men successfully braving the nearly two years they were stranded in the Antarctk, when the expedition ship, the Endurance, was trapped and then crushed in the pack ice of the Weddell Sea. Shackleton's accomplishment as a leader started wilh !t is selection of tlze Endurance crew He handpicked some members, including two who had served him faithfully and performed exceptiona lly on a previous expedition. To recruit the rest, it is sa id that he posted the following notice: Men wanted for hazardous journey. Small wages. Bitter cold. Long months of complete darkness. Constant danger. Safe return doub ful. Honor and recognition in case of success. Shackleton's recruitment notice was brutally honest about the discomforts and dangers to be faced. When the Endurance crew members indeed encountered all of the above-mentioned conditions, they accepted them as best they could, for they had been forewarned. And they looked to Shackleton, whom they called "The Boss," for guidance about how to survive the elements, both physically and emotionally. When the Enduranc e became locked in pack ice, Shackleton ordered the men to pursue every possibl e means of extricating the ship from t!te icy jaws of the Weddell Sea, including using ice picks and saws in attempts to reach leads sighted sometimes hundreds o_f yards away. While these labors were ultimately futile, it was useful to have the men experience this firsthand, so they would neither question their predicament of having to "winter in the pack" nor become bitter with "what ifs," such as "If we had only been allowed to cut our way out of the ice, we'd have reached the Antarctic continent by now. 11 Shackleton's calm and confidence in the more dire circumstan ces were heartening to his crew. Commenting on Shackleton's reaction to their inability to free the Enduranceji·om the ice , Alexander Macklin, the ship's doctor, said, "ft was at this moment Shackleton...showed one of his sparks of real greatness. He did not...show...the slightest sign of disappointm ent. He told us simply and calmly that we would have to spend the winter in the pack." Shackleton sustained morale and created a unified ieam by keeping everyone busy---and equal. For example, during the long months in which the crew lived on the Endurance as a winter station , Shackle ton ignored the predominant class system of the time and had scientists scrubbing floors alongside seaman and university professors eating beside Yorkshire fisherman. In 9ddition , Shackleton encouraged more titan work-based camaraderie. The men played football on the ice, participated in nightly sing-alongs and toasts to loved ones back home, organized highly competitive dog-sled races- and even collectively shaved their heads, posing for expedition photographer Frank Hurley. In the few circumstances in which crew members did not subscribe to the teamwork philosophy , such as when seaman John Vincent was reported to be bullying others, Shackleton swiftly reprimanded them, setting an example. Called to Shackleton's cabin, Vincent left it humbled and demoted. While Shackleton was called "The Boss" by his men, he did not differentiate himse lf from them. When the crew moved off the debilitated ship to a camp on the ice, Shackleton ensured that neither he nor his officers received preferential treatment. "There was only 18 skin [sleeping] bags & we cast lots for them," wrote ship's carpenter Chippy McNeish. "I was lucky for the first time in my life for I drew one." "There was some crooked work in the drawing," able seaman Bakewell wrote, "as Sir Ernest, Mr. Wild...Captain Worsley and some of the other officers all drew wool [sleeping] bags. The fine warm fur bags all went to the men under them." In addition, in an attempt to help his crew get over the trauma of abandoning the Endurance, Shackleton literally served his men: Rising early in the morning, he made hot milk and hand-delivered it to every tent in the camp. Shackleton's mantra of unity and show of humanity was infectious. While his men were suffering from the most terrible deprivation, they often rose to his example and showed tremendous compassion for each other. When First Officer Lionel Greenstreet spilled his much-needed milk on the ice, he seemed almost despondent over the loss, and, one by one, the seven men who shared his tent silently poured some of their equally precious ration into his mug, refilling it. During the brutal, seven-day lifeboat journey to Elephant ls/a nd, Shackleton literally stood tall, boosting the morale of his suffering men by standing at the tiller, hour after hour. Later, during the 17-day sail to South Georgia Island, Shackleton monitored tlze !tea /th of his five com panions constantly. Captain Frank Worsley later wrote, "Whenever Shackleton notices that a man seems extra cold and shivering, he imm ediately orders another hot drink served to all." Worsley explained that Shackleton was careful not to single out the man suffering the most, for he would not want to frighten him about his condition. In the face of changing circumstances and constant danger , Shackleton remained positive and decisive, which buoyed his crew. Further, throughout the 22-month Endurance expedition , Shackleton was able to bring the best in each of his men. Each crew member contributed to the team 's survival, from Captain Frank Worsley, whose exceptional navigation guided the men to both Elephant and South Georgia Islands; to carpenter Chippy McNeish, who reinforced the lifeboats,· to cook Charles Green, who created meals day after day with limited resources; to Alexander Macklin and James Mcll roy, the two doctor s, who saved steward Perce Blackborow from gangrene resulting from frostbite; to second-in-command Frank Wild, who served as leader of the 21 men on Elephant Island after the departure o,[ Shackletonand companions for South Georgia. Twenty-eight ordinary-turned-ext raordinary men, led by Shackleton's example, survived nearly tvvo years of unimaginable hardship at the end of the Earth. Shackleton's Leadership Role, 2001 , htt p://main.wgbh.orgl imaxl\-ha ckletonlshackleton.html Read: Shackleton's 'disastrous leadership caused the deaths of three explorers' Telegraph http://www.telegra ph.co.uklnewsl worldnewsl antarctica/1451419/Shackletonsdisastrousleadershi pcause dthe deathso fthreeex plorers.html Shackleton's 'disastrous leadership caused the deaths of three explorers' By Tony Paterson 12:01AM GMT 11 Jan 2004 For decades, Sir Ernest Shackleton has been regarded as a hero for saving the crew of the Endurance during his failed South Pole expedition of 191416. The rescue he mounted has inspired a recent spate of books and television programs, and prompted management training schools to identify him as an example for the corporate world. Yet in a new book due to be published in April, two Antarctic historians from New Zealand who have researched the fate of Sir Ernest's advance supply team for the first time say that three members froze to death as a result of bad leadership, faulty planning and woefully short supplies. "As leader of the Imperial Trans Antarctic Expedition , Shackleton inevitably bore responsibility for their deaths," said Richard McElrea , one of the authors of Polar Castaways. The book includes testimony from the diary of Ernest Joyce, one of the members of the ill fated party. " Nobody would consider undertaking such a trip with such miserable equipm ent for a sin gle second," he wrote. Sir Ernest is best known for sailing 800 miles from the Antarctic to South Georgia in the South Atlantic in a 23ft boat in 1915 after Endurance, his main ship, was crushed by pack ice and sank. The explorer and his crew survived an epic journey through some of the world's most treacherous seas with no loss of life. Polar Castaways tells the little known story of the "Ross Sea party" a team of 10 men dispatched from Tasmania to the Antarctic in 1914 to deposit advance supplies for Sir Ernest, who had planned to cross the South Pole from th e opposite side of the continent until his ship sank. According to David Harrowfield, Mr McElrea's coauthor, "Shackleton had given the Ross Sea party tasks which were almost im possible to f ulfi l". The party was beset by squabbles , supply shortages, bad plannin g and ultimately death. Aneas Mackintosh, who had been selected by Sir Ernest as team leader but turned out to be fatally hotheaded, was blown out to sea on drifting pack ice, together with Victor Hayward, another expedition member. The Rev Arnold Spencer Smith, the team's padre, contracted scurvy and.froze to death. Sir Ernest gives only scant mention of their plight in South, his own account of his I 914 expedition. Mr. McElrea said his book was based on previously unpublished interviews that he and his coauthor conducted with survivors of the expedition during the 1970s and 1980s. Their task was to deposit more than two tons of supplies at five separate depot camps along Sir Ernest's planned route a trip that involved covering a distance of more than 2,000 miles on dog sledges across pack ice plagued by relentless blizzards and sudden thaws. The historians' new account begins with the explorers' realization that Sir Ernest's London based supply team had failed to deli ver almost J,alf tlte equi pm ent promised for the ex pedition a bad start. Once it had set off, the party ran into difficulties alm ost im mediately. Their ship, the Aurora, which was moored according to instructions set down by Sir Ernest, snapped its anchor cables in a storm and was blown out to sea with most of the supplies aboard. The ship drifted in ice for nearly a year before it could be freed, leaving the 10 man party marooned ashore with pitifully inadequate provisions. Members of the party had to sew makeshift footwear made out of sealskin sleeping bags and trousers were cut from the remains of discarded tents. The party stuck to its task, but squabbles broke out after Mackintosh, t he one eyed explorer selected by Sir Ernest to lead the expedition, refused to reduce the heavy loads the team was dragging , even though several men had frost boils and most of the dogs had died from exposure. Discipline continued to deteriorate and the food ration was reduced to eight sugar lumps and a biscuit a day. Spencer Smith, who was just 31, diedfrom scurvy, while Mackintosh had to be strapped to a sledge after becoming delirious . The party finally made it back to a camp at McMurdo sound in March 1916 after a tour that had lasted six months. Two months later, Mackintosh insisted on making a dash across the frozen McMurdo sound to a hut with better supplies at Cape Evans, 15 miles to the north. "First we save you from death and now you want to risk dying again. What idiots are we dealing with here!" Joyce is recorded as saying. Mackintosh nevertheless walked out on to the floating pack ice with fellow explorer Hayward. An hour later, a blizzard blew up and forced the ice out into the sea. The pair were never seen again. The Ross Sea party was not rescued until January 1917. Men had given their lives in a worthless sacrifice, the historians argue, because Sir Ernest neither crossed the Antarctic nor reached any of the depots they had laid. The London based James Caird Society set up to honour Sir Ernest's memory and named after the boat on which the explorer and his crew made their escape 1/17/2016. Shackleton's 'disastrous leadership caused the deaths of three explorers' Telegraph http://www.telegraph. co.uklnews/worldnews/antarctica/145 I 4 I 9/Shackletonsdisastrousleadershipcausedthe deathsofthreeexplorers.html 2/2 rejected claims that the explorer was to blame for the plight of the Ross Sea party. "Shackleton was at the time coping with his own Yüklə 0,97 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||