When the ‘corpus juris’ meets a corpus delicti: The appearance

ENDNOTES:

1. 
   Cf. Maurice Urstein, Leopold and Loeb: A Psychiatric-Psychological Study (Chicago: Chicago Medical Book Co., 1924) and Maureen McKernan, The Amazing Crime and Trial of Leopold and Loeb (New York: New American Library/Signet Books, 1957).
   
2. 
   Tom Gurr & H.H. Cox, Famous Australasian Crimes (London: Frederick Muller Ltd., 1957): Ch.14 (‘Death in a Cathedral City’),pp.148-166; and Gurr & Cox, Obsession (London: Frederick Muller Ltd., 1958).
   
3. 
   Earlier attempts to explore this shocking cause celèbre included Bruce Mason’s unpublished play, The Verdict , and Frank Sargeson’s The Cradle and the Egg, only the latter of which has been published.
   
4. 
   Robertson J. (ed.), Adams on Criminal Law (2^nd Student Ed. Wellington, NZ: Brooker’s Ltd. ,1998), p.34.
   
5. 
   Havelock Ellis, The Criminal (London: Scott; 3^rd revised ed. 1901), p.2
   

6. 
   Cf. J.M. Kaye, ‘The Early History of Murder and Manslaughter, Part I’, The Law Quarterly Review, Vol.83, No.331 (July 1967), 365-395 at 366. This concept may be traced to the Corpus Juris Germanica, which used the term Morth, connoting stealthy, secret acts of killing.
   
7. 
   Francis Bowes Sayre, ‘Mens Rea’, Harvard Law Review, Vol.XLV, No.6 (April 1932), 974-1026 at 995.
   
8. 
   Adams on Criminal Law, op.cit., p.44.
   
9. 
   Cf. Gerald Orchard, ‘Recklessness in New Zealand’ [1987] NZLJ, 378.
   

10. R.W. Medlicott, ‘The Parker-Hulme, Leopold-Loeb Cases and the Concept of Omnipotence’,

New Zealand Law Journal, Vol.37:22 (5 December 1961), 345-348 at 345. Dr Medlicott added

“I was satisfied that in the period leading to the crime and immediately following it they were

disturbed in mood, activity and thought patterns to a degree consistent only with the diagnosis

of psychosis. Their psychoses were identical and the term folie-a-deux applicable”. Medlicott

wrote of the duo in terms of “persistent, organised delusions, the preservation of clear and

orderly thinking, and absence of hallucinations” (ibid., 346). Cf. Thomas S. Satz, Psychiatric Justice (New York: Macmillan, 1965) and Jay Kat, Joseph Goldstein & Alan M. Dershowitz, Psychoanalysis, Psychiatry and the Law (New York: The Free Press, 1967).

11.Sayre, ‘Mens Rea’, 998-99 & 1000.
12.C.S. Kenny, Outlines of Criminal Law ( Cambridge & London: CUP; 12^th ed. 1926), pp.42-43.

13. 
    Sayre, 1026.
    
14. 
    Ibid.
    
15. 
    A.P. Simester & Warren J Brookbanks, Principles of Criminal Law (Wellington, NZ:Brooker’s Ltd., 1998), pp.98-99. Brookbanks is also the author of Psychiatry and the Law: Clinical and Legal Issues (Wellington: Brooker’s 1996).
    
16. 
    Ibid., p.119.
    
17. 
    Glanville Williams; cited ibid., p.55.
    
18. 
    L.J. Moran, ‘Review Article: Justice and its Vicissitudes’, The Modern Law Review, Vol.54, No.1 (January 1991), 146-161 at 159.
    
19. 
    Leslie J. Moran, ‘Violence and the Law: The Case of Sado-Masochism’, Social & Legal Studies, Vol.4:2 (June 1995), 225-251 at 234.
    
20. 
    Ibid.
    
21. 
    Ibid., 234 & 235.
    
22. 
    Ibid., 241.
    
23. 
    Cf. Plotnitsky, ‘ But It Is Above All Not True”: Derrida, Relativity and the “Science Wars”’(1997) at http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/pmc/text-only/issue.197/plotnitsky.197 (27pp.) and Barker, ‘Nietzsche/Derrida, Blanchot/Beckett: Fragmentary Progressions of the Unnamable’ (1995) at http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/pmc/text-only/issue.995/barker.995 (22 pp.).
    
24. 
    Alison Young, Imagining Crime: Textual Outlaws and Criminal Conversations (London, Thousand Oaks & New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996), p.1.
    
25. 
    Ibid., p.3.
    
26. 
    Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790; rpt. Koln: Konemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1998), p.37.
    
27. 
    Young, Imagining Crime, op. cit., p.9.
    
28. 
    Marilyn French, Shakespeare’s Division of Experience (New York: Summit Books, 1981; rpt. London: Jonathan Cape, 1982). French, discussing Iago, notes the alliance between the female as a sexual person and being “a dissembler, a deceiver, because of sexuality” (p.212) and adds that the Iagian vision is of sexuality “seen as bestial, vicious and chaotic” (p.215). References to lesbianism in New Zealand were rare: before the Hulme-Parker case the well-publicized precursor involved adult Sapphism—the murder trials of Eric Mareo (whose wife Thelma enjoyed a liaison before her death in April 1935 with the beauteous dancer Freda Stark who allegedly had not heard of the adjective ‘lesbian’ until Mareo used it in his first trial). See Charles Ferrall and Rebecca Ellis, The Trials of Eric Mareo (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2002 ).
    
29. 
    Young, p.16.
    
30. 
    Ibid., pp.18-19.
    
31. 
    Ibid., p.27.
    
32. 
    Denotatively this related to witches causing the death of livestock: A Detection of Damnable Driftes [1579]; cited by Kenneth Muir, in Muir (ed.), The Arden Macbeth (London: Methuen, 1951; rpt. 1959), p.11.
    
33. 
    Martin A. Kayman, ‘Lawful Writing: Common Law, Statute and the Properties of Literature’, New Literary History, Vol.27:4 (Autumn 1996), 761-783 at 762. Kayman cited Bentham (1748-1832) from his A Fragment on Government (1790) and insisted on the naivete of the Anglo-American legal model of language, so well expressed by legal positivists such as John Austin, H.L.A. Hart and Hans Kelsen. See Dennis Patterson, Law and Truth (New York & Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996), Chapter 8 (Postmodern Jurisprudence), pp.151-179.
    
34. 
    Young, Imagining Crime, op. cit., p.28.
    
35. 
    Ibid., p.34.
    
36. 
    Ibid., pp.34 & 35.
    
37. 
    Ibid., p.36.
    
38. 
    Ibid., p.37.
    
39. 
    Ibid., p.41. Kathy Lette (partner of Geoffrey Robertson, QC) has advised that Pre-Menstrual Tension may be a legitimate ground of defence in Britain’s criminological praxis—surely a classic instance of biological premises running amok amidst the textual fabric of criminal law.
    
40. 
    Young., p.49.
    
41. 
    Peter Goodrich and David Gray Carlson (editors), ‘Introduction’, Law and the Postmodern Mind: Essays on Psychoanalysis and Jurisprudence (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1998), pp.2 & 3.
    
42. 
    Ibid., p.5.
    
43. 
    Peter Goodrich, Law in the Courts of Love: Literature and Other Minor Jurisprudences (London: Routledge, 1996), p.113. [Chapter 5: Of law and forgetting—Literature, ethics and legal judgment.]
    
44. 
    Ibid., p. 114.
    
45. 
    Julie Glamuzina and Alison J. Laurie, Parker & Hulme: A Lesbian View (Auckland: New Women’s Press, 1991), p. 184. Clearly this mythic conjunction received a prior kick-start with the Mareo trial (see note 28) and the lesbian affair between Thelma Mareo (nee Trot) and Freda Stark.
    

13. 
    Cf. Gerald Orchard, Ch.14 (‘Culpable Homicide’) in Principles of Criminal Law, op. cit.,pp.469-471.
    
14. 
    Ibid. ,p.470. Professor Orchard cites the New Zealand case of R v Fryer [1981] 1 NZLR 748, where an ‘emotional immaturity’/volatility defence was rejected ,and the Privy Council appeal case of Luc Thiet Thuan v R [1997] AC 131, [1996] 2 All ER 1033 (PC), in which Their Lordships ruled that brain damage causing “episodic dyscontrol” did not qualify in supporting a finding of manslaughter by provocation.
    
15. 
    J.H. Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History (London: Butterworths, 1971),pp.274 & 273.
    
16. 
    Julie Glamuzina & Alison J. Laurie, Parker & Hulme: A Lesbian View (Auckland: New Women’s Press, 1991), p.183.
    
17. 
    Simester & Brookbanks, Principles of Criminal Law, op. cit., p.267.
    
18. 
    Ibid.
    
19. 
    Sigmund Freud died in London in August 1939, immediately before unprecedented id forces exploded in the Second World War.
    
20.