CHAPTER 17
Adverb Clauses
CONTENTS
17-1 Introduction 17-6 Adverb clauses of condition: using
17-2 Using
adverb clauses to show cause whether or not and
even if
And effect 17-7 Adverb clauses of condition: using
17-3 Expressing contrast (unexpected
in case and
in the event that
Result): using
even though 17-8 Adverb clauses of condition: using
17-4 Showing direct contrast:
while and
unless
Whereas 17-9 Adverb clauses of condition: using
17-5 Expressing conditions in adverb
only if
Clauses:
if-clauses
17-1 INTRODUCTION
a)
When we were in New York, we saw several
plays.
b) We saw several plays
when we were in New York.
When we were in New York is an adverb clause.
PUNCTUATION: When an adverb clause
precedes an independent clause, as in (a), a
comma is used to separate the clauses. When the
adverb clause follows, as in (b), usually no
comma is used.
c)
Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
d) He went to bed
because he was sleepy.
Like
when, because introduces an adverb clause.
Because he was sleepy is an adverb clause.
e)
INCORRECT : When we were in New York. We
saw several Plays.
f)
INCORRECT : He went to bed. Because he
was sleepy
Adverb clauses are dependent clauses. They
cannot stand alone as a sentence in written
English. They must be connected to an
independent clause.*
SUMMARY LIST OF WORDS USED TO INTRODUCE ADVERB CLAUSES**
TIME
CAUSE AND EFFECT CONTRAST
CONDITION
after
before
when
while
as
as soon as
since
until
by the time (that)
once
as/so long as
whenever
every time (that)
the first time (that)
the last time (that)
the next time (that)
Because
now that
since
event thought
although
thought
if
unless
only if
whether or not
even if
in case
in the event that
DIRECT CONTRAST
while
whereas
*See Chart 13-1 , p. 267, for the definition of dependent and independent clauses.
**Words that introduce adverb clauses are called “subordinating conjnctions.”
EXERCISE 1. Adverb clauses. (Chart 17-1)
Directions: Add periods, commas, and capitalization. Do
not change, add, or omit any
words. Underline each adverb clause. (NOTE: Item 12 containts an adjective clause. Item 13
containts an adjective clause and a noun clause. Can you find these other dependent clause?)
1. Sue was in other room when the phone rang as soon as she heard
it she ran to the front
room to answer it.
Sue was in the other room when the phone rang. As soon as she heard it, she ran to
the front room to answer it.
2. When it began to rain he closed the windows.
3. He closed the windows when it began to rain.
4. As soon as the rain began the children wanted to go to outdoors they love to play outside
in the warm summer rain I used to do the same thing when I was a child.
5. Jack got to the airport early after he checked in at the airline counter he went to the
waiting area near his gate he sat and read until his flight was announced.
6. Jack walked onto the plane found his seat and stowed
his bag in an overhead
compartment.
7. Before the plane took off he fastened his seat belt and put his seat in an upright position.
8. Jack’s wife doesn’t like to fly because she gets nervous on airplanes.
9. When Jack and his wife go on vacation they have to drive or take the train because his wife is
afraid of flying.
10. I had a cup of tea before I left for work this morning but I didn’t have anything to eat I rarely
eat breakfast.
11. After Ellen gets home from work she likes to read the newspaper she follows the same
routine every day after works as soon as she gets home she changes her clothes gets a snack
and a drink and sits down in her favorite chair to read the newspaper in peace and quiet she
usually has about half an hour to read the paper before her husband arrives home from his
job.
12. When you speak to someone who is hard of hearing you do not have to shout it is important
to face the person directly and speak clearly my elderly father is hard of hearing but he can
understand me if I face him speak slowly and say each word clearly.
13. Greg Adams has been blind since he was two years old today he is a key scientist in a
computer company he is able to design complex electronic equipment because he has a
special computer that reads writes and speaks out loud his blindness neither helps nor hinders
him it is irrelevant to how well he does his job.
EXERCISE 2. Review of adverb clauses of time. (Chapter 5 and Chart 17-1)
Directions: Complete the sentences. Punctuate carefully. Pay special attention to verb
tense usage.
1. Since I come to . . . .
2. Just as I
was falling asleep last
night . . . .
3. I’ll help you with your homework
as soon as I . . . .
4. I was late.
By the time I got to the
airport . . . .
5. One of my friends gets nervous
every time . . . .
6. I will be here until I . . . .
7. . . . . as long as I live.
8. I heard . . . while I . . . .
9. Once summer/winter comes . . . .
10. Shortly before I . . . .
11. I have been in . . . for . . . By the
time I leave, I . . . .
12. The last time . . . .
13. The next time you . . . .
14. I . . . just as soon as . . . .
15. Not long after I . . . .
16. I had already . . . when . . .
17. Whenever . . . .
18. Ever since . . . .