Appendices APPENDIX 1 Thresholds and indicators: introduction
Indicators of significance are specific characteristics or attributes of places that might make them significant within the context of a particular theme. Significance helps in the identification of places to consider under the National Heritage criteria, and can help in the assessment of a place under each criterion. Indicators help explain, in a broad way, the aspects of a place or its associations that would have to be assessed in order to establish significance.
The sub-theme of Benevolent and Care Institutions fits under the Department of Environment’s broad thematic group Building a Nation. The use of indicators enables places with like values to be compared under a theme in order to establish relative levels of significance.
Some indicators are key narratives, contributing to the understanding of benevolent and care institutions in the history of Australia’s system of social welfare. These indicators are further defined and developed through the development of further ‘sub-indicators’ which assist in identifying particular places. These places might contain evidence in the form of artefacts, buildings or structural remains, archaeological sites or landscape modifications reflecting the place’s values and therefore being deserving of protection.
The range of places identified through this study fit almost exclusively into the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The period from 1949 onwards is under-represented, reflecting the limitations of current heritage registers.
The important changes in the course and pattern of welfare history are those that are more intangible and usually enacted through political processes, such as the change in welfare assistance towards a system of universal social security. During such shifts, the role of some institutions began to decline while others adapted and were absorbed into other places. Tracing the history of benevolent and care institutions as part of this study has interestingly led to the identification of a strong group of places that embody changing welfare approaches over time within a single physical place – particularly those originating in the nineteenth century. Twentieth and twenty-first century benevolent and care institutions do, of course, also change and adapt constantly in order to reflect current care models. However, this is often not captured in our state’s and nation’s heritage registers. Places where welfare legislation has been enacted become more common from the twentieth century and beyond but few places as such were identified in our welfare heritage register searches.
The following indicators highlight some of the many threads that we have identified as running through Australia’s welfare history. Text in bold is the relevant general indicator provided in the NHL guidelines. Other text is the indicator within the specific theme of benevolent and other care institutions.
Criterion A: historic-defining events/processes
A place associated with landmark events and moments of importance that have had enduring consequences to the Nation or a significant impact
on the Nation.
Places associated with establishment of welfare provision in Australia.
Places associated with events that have resulted in important changes to the political, economic, scientific or social fabric of Australia.
Places associated with the provision of welfare made necessary by the major influx and movement of people in gold rushes of the 1850s, 1860s and post-World War II immigration.
Places associated with the expansion and consolidation of charitable institutions to provide relief during the economic depression of the 1890s.
Places associated with the Harvester Judgement 1907, the advent of the living wage for men and the beginnings of the welfare state.
Places associated with the establishment of Soldier Settlement Schemes following World Wars I and II.
Places associated with the establishment of universal infant health care.
Places associated with the formation of housing authorities from the 1930s.
Places associated with the separation of families and children – includes the Forgotten Australians, former child migrants and the Stolen Generations.
Places associated with advances in social policy, medicine, education and care giving.
Places of national importance for their ability to represent a political or cultural system such as the convict penal system, communication networks, the establishment of the federal capital, or the defence
of Australia.
Places of national importance for their ability to represent the systems of welfare (state systems, non-government systems and provision of welfare within institutions).
Places associated with philanthropic, charitable
and religious organisations that played a key role in shaping society.
Places with a high diversity of features that best demonstrate a characteristic way of life in one or more periods of the history of Australia. It covers places consisting of many features that collectively tell at least one story of importance to the Nation.
Places associated with a long history of welfare use and demonstrating in their assemblage a rich and multi-layered history of welfare.
Places that best demonstrate key innovations in the provision of welfare that reflect broad changes in social attitudes in Australia.
Criterion B: rarity
Places which characterise past ways of life, custom, processes, land use, function or design that were always few in number, or that are now few in their surviving number due to subsequent destruction.
Places may include:
those demonstrating uncommon aspects of human occupation and activity
those demonstrating a past human activity or aspects of culture that are now rare, obsolete or
no longer practised
those with uncommon integrity in their national context.
Rare physical evidence of places associated with the establishment of welfare in Australia.
Rare physical evidence of past practices in welfare provision that are no longer used.
Places demonstrating specific aspects or systems of welfare that have an uncommon integrity.
Criterion C: research
The place is of national significance to Australia because it could provide information deriving from records, collections, movable cultural heritage, archaeological resources, architectural fabric or other evidence for the understanding of:
The history, ways of life and/or cultures of Australia.
Places of archaeological potential associated with the theme of welfare.
Places where there is fragmentary evidence of earlier welfare institutions that have been removed or absorbed into later institutions.
Criterion D: class of place
The place should represent the principal characteristics of a particular high order design or style of importance in the history of Australia.
The place must have a high integrity in its representative characteristics that may represent the period design, style.
The class of place or environment demonstrating a particular way of life must be of a national order or level of importance.
The place should represent all of the critical elements representative of a particular way of life of importance in the history of Australia.
No indicators were developed under this criterion as it is outside the scope of this study.
Criterion E: aesthetic value
The place is of national significance to Australia because it exhibits particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group through the following:
Features of beauty, or features that inspire, emotionally move or have other characteristics that evoke a strong human response.
No indicators were developed under this criterion as it is outside the scope of this study.
Criterion F: excellence
The place demonstrates a high degree of creative achievement which is of national significance to Australia for the following:
High degree of achievement in art, design or craftsmanship.
A high degree of combining built features into a natural of designed landscape for an aesthetic purpose.
No indicators were developed under this criterion as it is outside the scope of this study.
Criterion G social value
The place is of national significance to Australia because it has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons that could include: traditional, religious, ceremonial or other social purpose, including a celebratory or commemorative use, or association with community action.
Note: Nationally recognised groups may include religious denominations, ethnic communities, societies, incorporated groups, or political groups.
Indicated through the widespread connection and sharing of stories of individuals associated with particular types of care or institutions.
Likely to be indicated through strong associations with religious or non-denominational organisations that have provided welfare over a number of widespread but related institutions.
Likely to be indicated in national organisations with a long history of welfare provision that have become an integral part of communities or of family life.
Likely to be indicated through significant national events that are recognised widely and/or commemorated.
Likely to be indicated through stories that resonate for the nation and that shed light on subjects of a difficult nature, validate experiences, provide lessons for the future, and seek to provide healing.
IMAGE: Image shows a black and white line drawing of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital of Sydney. The line drawing is made up of an architectural elevation of a three story building. Simon Fieldhouse. Courtesy of Wikimedia under Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 Unported Licence
Criterion H associations
Places which are significant for their enduring associations with people or groups of national importance in Australia. The association of the person or group to the place must be significant in that the place represents a major achievement of a person or group of national importance in any field of life
Places associated with individuals and organisations that have served the nation through philanthropy, advancing government policy or advocating for change.
Criterion I Indigenous
The place demonstrates an aspect of Indigenous tradition which is of national significance to Australia for the following:
Places associated with people’s ritual and ceremonial transformations
No indicators were developed under this criterion as it is outside the scope of this study.
Indicators of welfare history – place and criteria application
Relevant National Heritage List criteria
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Relevant indicators provided in the NHL guidelines
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Indicator within the theme of welfare in Australia’s cultural history
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Types of
places
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Indicative
places
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Criterion A:
The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s importance in the course or pattern of Australia’s cultural history
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A place associated with landmark events and moments of importance that have had enduring consequences to the Nation or a significant impact on the Nation.
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Places associated with establishment of welfare provision in Australia.
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Places associated with government and colonial administration in distributing relief.
Orphanages
Asylums
Female factories
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Parramatta Female Factory NSW
St John’s Park Precinct TAS
Fremantle Museum and Art Gallery (former Lunatic Asylum) WA
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Places associated with events that have resulted in important changes to the political, economic, scientific or social fabric of Australia.
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Places associated with the provision of welfare made necessary by the major influx and movement of people in gold rushes of the 1850s, 1860s and post-World War II.
Places associated with the expansion and consolidation of charitable institutions to provide relief during economic depression of the 1890s.
Places associated with the Harvester Judgement 1907, the advent of the living wage for men, and the beginnings of the welfare state.
Places associated with the establishment of Soldier Settlement Schemes following World Wars I and II.
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Places associated with working for welfare on nation building schemes during the depressions of the 1890s – 1930s.
Places associated with supporting immigrants, e.g. Chinese Societies.
Repatriation Commissions and the Department of Veterans’ Affairs.
Rural settlements and patterns of land subdivision.
Infant welfare centres, maternal and child health care.
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The Hungry Mile Place (Darling Harbour) NSW (unemployed men search for work)
Heidelberg Repatriation Complex Vic.
Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre QLD
Lady Gowrie Child Care Centres SA / Vic.
Carlton Refuge (Queen Elizabeth Maternal and Child Health Centre) Vic.
Renwick Children’s Homes NSW (examples of different types of care for children including early cottage homes, farm home and training centre)
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Places associated with the establishment of universal infant health care.
Places associated with the formation of housing authorities from the 1930s.
Places associated with the separation of families and children – children as ‘Forgotten Australians’. Includes child migrants and children who are part of ‘the Stolen Generations’.
Places associated with advances in social policy, medicine, education and care giving.
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Babies’ and children’s homes.
Hospitals, including psychiatric hospitals.
Institutions for the care of people with physical or sensory disabilities.
Slum clearances in inner cities and the building of public housing.
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Royal Victorian Institute for the Blind Precinct Prahran Vic. (care and education of deaf and blind children)
North West Hospital Parkville Vic.
Maybanke Kindergarten NSW
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Places of national importance for their ability to represent a political or cultural system such as the convict penal system, communication networks, the establishment of the federal capital, or the defence of Australia.
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Places of national importance for their ability to represent the systems of welfare (state systems, non-government systems and provision of welfare with within institutions).
Places associated with philanthropic, charitable and religious organisations that played a key role in shaping society.
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Benevolent Societies and Asylums.
Places associated with non-denominational, Catholic and Protestant organisations (including the Salvation Army, Methodist Central Mission, St Vincent de Paul Society and Brotherhood of St Laurence).
Places associated with religious orders (including the Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of the Good Shepherd, Sisters of Charity).
Mutual self-help societies.
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Melbourne Benevolent Asylum (Kingston Centre) Vic.
Sydney Benevolent Asylum (Thomas Street) NSW
Bendigo Benevolent Asylum (Anne Caudle Centre) Vic.
Dunwich Benevolent Asylum QLD
Adelaide Destitute Asylum SA
Launceston Benevolent Society TAS
Convent of the Good Shepherd Abbotsford Vic.
Mount St Canice TAS (convent complex similar to Abbotsford)
Holy Cross Laundry QLD
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Places with a high diversity of features that best demonstrate a characteristic way of life in one or more periods of the history of Australia. It covers places consisting of many features that collectively tell at least one story of importance to the nation.
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Places associated with a long history of welfare use and demonstrating in their assemblage a rich and multi-layered history of welfare.
Places that best demonstrate key innovations in the provision of welfare that reflect broad changes in social attitudes in Australia.
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Charitable institutions that operated over a long period of time and reflect in their fabric changing approaches to welfare delivery.
Institutions and other places that demonstrate key innovations in reform/rehabilitation and care.
Places that demonstrate deinstitutionalisation from the 1890s (including boarding out and cottage homes).
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Sydney Benevolent Asylum (Thomas Street) NSW (established as the first Benevolent Society in 1813 and still operating)
Melbourne Benevolent Asylum (Kingston Centre) Vic.
St John’s Park Precinct TAS (change through time)
Convent of the Good Shepherd Abbotsford Vic. (change through time)
Mont Park Asylum Vic. (reflects innovations in care for the intellectually disabled and shell shocked built in 1911)
Caloola Precinct Vic. (innovation in mental health care)
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Kew Cottages (former Willsmere hospital and lunatic asylum) Vic. (very early separation of the mentally and physically disabled from the mentally ill)
The Royal Park Psychiatric Hospital, Parkville Vic. (innovation in mental health care)
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Royal Derwent Hospital (Willow Court) TAS (long history of care of mentally ill)
Kenmore Psychiatric Hospital NSW
Renwick Children’s Homes NSW (different types of care for children including early cottage homes, farm home and training centre)
Burnside Homes NSW (private children’s village demonstrating innovative care in large ‘family’ settings)
Parkerville Children’s Home WA (early development of cottage homes)
Kew Cottages (former Willsmere hospital and lunatic asylum) Vic. (very early separation of the mentally and physically disabled from the mentally ill)
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Criterion B:
The place has outstanding heritage values to the nation because of the place’s possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Australia’s natural or cultural history
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Places which characterise past ways of life, custom, process, land use, function or design that were always few in number, or that are now few in their surviving number due to subsequent destruction.
Places may include:
those demonstrating uncommon aspects of human occupation and activity;
those demonstrating a past human activity or aspects of culture that is now rare, obsolete or no longer practised;
those with uncommon integrity in their national context.
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Rare physical evidence of places associated with the establishment of welfare in Australia.
Rare physical evidence of past practices in welfare provision that are no longer used.
Places demonstrating specific aspects or systems of welfare that have an uncommon integrity.
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Female factories.
Pre-1850 orphanages, asylums, etc.
Industrial schools and reformatories.
Immigration depots (before World War II).
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Tarban Creek area as part of the Gladesville Mental Hospital NSW
Parramatta Female Factory NSW
Fremantle Museum and Art Gallery (former Lunatic Asylum) WA
Royal Derwent Hospital (Willow Court) TAS
St John’s Park Precinct TAS (very early orphanages from 1833)
Caloola Precinct Vic. (formerly used as an industrial school)
North West Hospital Vic. (former use as an industrial school and immigrant’s depot)
Caroline Chisolm Barracks NSW (associated with immigrant women)
Yungaba Immigration Depot QLD
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Criterion C:
The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s potential to provide information that makes a contribution of national importance to the understanding of Australia’s history, cultures, or the natural world
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The place is of national significance to Australia because it could provide information deriving from records, collections, movable cultural heritage, archaeological resources, architectural fabric or other evidence for the understanding of:
The history, ways of life and/or cultures of Australia.
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Places of archaeological potential associated with the theme of welfare.
Places where there is fragmentary evidence of earlier welfare institutions that have been removed or absorbed into later institutions.
Note: Generally outside the scope for this study.
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Archaeological remains of welfare institutions, their associated cemeteries, or other evidence.
Fragments of earlier institutions often associated with hospitals etc.
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Castle Hill NSW (settlement site and site of first lunatic asylum)
Dunwich Complex QLD (Benevolent Asylum, Convict Causeway, Cemetery)
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Criterion D.
The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of Australia’s cultural places
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The place should represent the principal characteristics of a particular high order design or style of importance in the history of Australia.
The place must have a high integrity in its representative characteristics that may represent the period design, style.
The class of place or environment demonstrating a particular way of life must be of a national order or level of importance.
The place should represent all or the critical elements representative of a particular way of life of importance in the history of Australia.
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Generally outside the scope for this study. See report section ‘1.3 Constraints’ for further details.
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Some of the larger typological groups of places comprise the following:
Benevolent asylums
Lunatic asylums
Children’s Homes
Religious institutions.
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Comparative assessment is outside the scope of the theme for this study. See report section ‘1.3 Constraints’ for further details.
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Criterion E
E – the place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group
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The place is of national significance to Australia because it exhibits particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group through the following:
Features of beauty, or features that inspire, emotionally move or have other characteristics that evoke a strong human response.
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Generally outside the scope for this study. See report section ‘1.3 Constraints’ for further details.
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Criterion F:
The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period
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The place demonstrates a high degree of creative achievement which is of national significance to Australia for the following:
High degree of achievement in art, design or craftsmanship
A high degree of combining built features into a natural of designed landscape for an aesthetic purpose.
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Generally outside the scope for this study.
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Criterion G:
The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons
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The place is of national significance to Australia because it has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural
or spiritual reasons that could include: traditional, religious, ceremonial or other social purpose, including a celebratory or commemorative use, or association with community action.
Note: Nationally recognised groups may include religious denominations, ethnic communities, societies, incorporated groups, or political groups.
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Indicated through the widespread connection and sharing of stories of individuals associated with particular types of care or institutions.
Likely to be indicated through strong associations with religious or non-denominational organisations that have provided welfare over a number of widespread but related institutions.
Likely to be indicated in national organisations with a long history of welfare provision that have become an integral part of communities or of family life.
Likely to be indicated through significant national events that are recognised widely and/or commemorated.
Likely to be indicated through stories that resonate for the nation and that shed light on subjects of a difficult nature, validate experiences, provide lessons for the future, and seek to provide healing.
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Places associated with the separation of families and children – children as ‘Forgotten Australians’ and ‘Stolen Australians’.
Places associated with religious orders.
Places associated with other national organisations.
Places associated with the apologies to the Stolen Generations and the Forgotten Australians (National Sorry Day for example).
Intangible heritage in the form of life stories of those who were either institutionalised, the givers or the recipients of welfare.
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Renwick Children’s Homes NSW
Burnside Homes NSW
Sydney Benevolent Asylum (Thomas Street) NSW (Representing Benevolent Societies in Australia)
Convent of the Good Shepherd Abbotsford Vic.
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Criterion H:
The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s special association with the life or works of a person of group of persons, of importance in Australia’s natural or cultural history
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Places which are significant for their enduring associations with people or groups of national importance in Australia. The association of the person or group to the place must be significant in that the place represents a major achievement of a person or group of national importance in any field of life.
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Places associated with individuals and organisations that have served the nation through philanthropy, advancing government policy or in advocating for change.
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Places associated with individuals who have fought for welfare rights in specific sectors (including Caroline Chisolm, who achieved welfare progress for immigrant women).
Organisations that have played a major role in the care of Australians.
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Caroline Chisolm Barracks NSW (Caroline Chisholm)
Royal Park Psychiatric Hospital Vic. (E. Cunningham Dax and John Cade)
Sydney Benevolent Asylum (Thomas Street) NSW (Edward Smith Hall)
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Criterion I
The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s importance as part of Indigenous tradition
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The place demonstrates an aspect of Indigenous tradition which is of national significance to Australia for the following:
places associated with people’s ritual and ceremonial transformations.
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Outside the scope for this study.
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