A thematic heritage study on australia’s benevolent and other care institutions thematic Study
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APPENDIX 3National Heritage ThemesNational Thematic Framework (2003).The following list is the thematic groups and themes developed by the Australian Heritage Commission in preparation for the introduction of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act.
1 Peter Read, ‘Aborigines’, in Davison, G, Hirst, J and MacIntyre, S (eds) The Oxford Companion to Australian History, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1998, p. 13. 2 http://www.workhouses.org.uk/poorlaws/oldpoorlaw.shtml 3 John Murphy, A Decent Provision, Australian Welfare Policy 1870–1949, Ashgate, Surrey, 2011. 4 The National Assistance Act 1948 superseded the existing Poor Law. National Assistance Act 1948 (UK). http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1948/29/pdfs/ukpga_19480029_en.pdf 5 Ros Haynes ‘Van Diemen’s Land’, in Alexander, A (ed), The Companion to Tasmanian History, University of Tasmania, Hobart, http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/V/VDL.htm 6 Joan C Brown, Poverty is Not a Crime, The Development of Social Services in Tasmania, 1803–1900, Tasmanian Historical Research Association, Hobart, 1972, p. 6. 7 Quoted in Brian Dickey, No Charity There A Short History of Social Welfare in Australia, Allen and Unwin, North Sydney, 1990, p. 12. 8 Australian Department of the Environment, Australian Heritage Database, http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-;place_id=106234 9 ibid., http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- place_id=105932 10 Stephen Garton, Out of Luck, Poor Australians and Social Welfare, 1788–1988, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1990, p. 19. 11 Brown, p. 23. 12 Brown, p. 25. 13 Brown, p, 24. 14 Shayne Breen, ‘Class’ in Land’ in Alexander, A (ed), The Companion to Tasmanian History, University of Tasmania, Hobart, http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/C/Class.htm 15 Patricia Grimshaw, Marilyn Lake, Ann McGrath and Marian Quartly, Creating a Nation, 1788–1990, McPhee Gribble Publications, Ringwood, 1994, p. 86. 16 ibid., p. 87. 17 Penelope Hetherington, Paupers, Poor Relief and Poor Houses in Western Australia, 1829–1910, University of Western Australia Publishing, Crawley, 2009, pp. 2–3. 18 ibid., p. 10. 19 ibid., p. 6. Whether this actually came to fruition has not been established yet. 20 ibid., p. 17. 21 Brian Dickey, ‘Social Welfare: the Government Sector’ in Richards, E (ed), The Flinders History of South Australia –Social History, Wakefield Press, Netley, 1986, pp. 235–236. 22 ibid., p. 235. 23 Glen Shaw, ‘Wybalenna’, in Alexander, A (ed) The Companion to Tasmanian History, Hobart, http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/W/Wybalenna.htm 24 Alison Painter, ‘Dr Matthew Moorhouse’, in Professional Historians Association (South Australia) SA 175, http://www.sahistorians.org.au/175/chronology/march/29-march-1876-dr-matthew-moorhouse.shtml 25 Michael F Christie ‘Port Phillip Protectorate’, in Brown-May, A and Swain, S (eds), The Encyclopedia of Melbourne, Port Melbourne, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 558. 26 Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families, 1997, https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/bringing-them-home-chapter-8 27 Wilfrid Prest (ed), The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History, Wakefield Press, Kent Town, 2001, p. 13. 28 Brown, p. 19. 29 ibid., p. 18. 30 ibid., p. 18. 31 ibid. 32 Raymond L Evans, ‘Charitable Institutions of the Queensland Government to 1919’, MA thesis, University of Queensland, 1969, p. 2. 33 ibid., p. 14. 34 Dickey, No Charity There, p. 14. 35 Brown, p. 14. 36 Grimshaw, et al., p. 88. 37 Anne Summers, Damned Whores and God’s Police, The Colonisation of Women in Australia, Penguin, Ringwood, 1975, p 301. 38 Graeme Davison ‘Population’, in Oxford Companion to Australian History, p. 515. 39 JW McCarty, ‘Gold rushes’, in Oxford Companion to Australian History, p. 284. 40 Brian Dickey, ‘Social Welfare: the Government Sector’, in Eric Richards (ed), The Flinders History of South Australia –Social History, Wakefield Press, Netley, 1986, p. 238. 41 Graeme Davison, ‘Population’, in Davison, Hirst and Macintyre, p. 515. 42 Murphy, p. 48. 43 Catherine Kovesi, Pitch your Tents on Distant Shores, A History of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd in Australia, Aotearoa/New Zealand and Tahiti, Playright Publishing, Caringbah, 2006, p. 48. 44 Hetherington, p. 114. 45 Adelaide Daily Herald, 31 January 1913, p. 6. 46 Shurlee Swain, ‘Immigrants’ Home’, in Andrew Brown-May and Shurlee Swain (eds) The Encyclopedia of Melbourne, p. 361. 47 ibid. 48 http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage/pdf/is_qhr_migration_places.pdf 49 http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage/pdf/is_qhr_migration_places.pdf 50 Australian Human Rights Commission, ‘Australian South Sea Islanders, A Century of race Discrimination under Australian Law’, https://www.humanrights.gov.au/erace-archives-australian-south-sea-islanders 51 Australian Human Rights Commission, ‘Australian South Sea Islanders, A Century of race Discrimination under Australian Law’, https://www.humanrights.gov.au/erace-archives-australian-south-sea-islanders 52 Pacific Islanders Labourers Act, 1901, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/pila190116o1901262/ 53 Naomi Parry, “‘Such a Longing”, Black and White Children in Welfare in New South Wales and Tasmania 1880–1940’, PhD thesis, School of History, University of New South Wales, 2007, p. 6. 54 Murphy, p. 35. 55 Brown, p. 53. 56 Secretary of the Moreton Bay Benevolent Society, 1851, quoted in Evans, ‘Charitable Institutions of the Queensland Government to 1919’, p. 15. 57 Argus, 12 July 1849, p. 2. 58 Argus, 12 July 1849, p. 2. 59 http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00182b.htm 60 Joseph B Goodall, ‘Whom Nobody Owns: The Dunwich Benevolent Asylum, An Institutional Biography, 1866–1946’, PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, 1992, abstract (np). 61 ibid., p. 84. 62 Dickey, ‘Social Welfare: The Government Sector’, p. 251. 63 Hetherington, p. 72. 64 ibid., p. 153. 65 Brown, p. 53. 66 John Hargrave, ‘St John’s Park’, http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/S/St%20Johns%20park.htm 67 Andrew Piper, ‘Launceston Invalid Asylum’, http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/L/Launceston%20Invalid%20Depot.html 68 http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;4435 69 http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic/?timeout=yes#detail_places;485 70 Alison Painter ‘Adelaide Benevolent and Strangers’ Friend Society’ in SA 175, http://www.sahistorians.org.au/175/chronology/february/2-february-1849-adelaide-benevolent-and-strangers-.shtml 71 Dickey, p. 238. 72 Argus 8 December 1855. 73 Jill Barnard and Karen Twigg, Holding on to Hope, A History of the Founding Agencies of MacKillop Family Services, 1854–1997, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2004. 74 Parry, p. 25. 75 Dickey, No Charity There, p. 44. 76 The Brisbane Courier, 21 September 1869, p. 3. 77 Hetherington, p. 89. 78 Shurlee Swain, ‘Making their case: archival traces of mothers and children in negotiation with child welfare officials’, Provenance, The Journal of Public Record Office Victoria, Issue 11, 2012. 79 Barnard and Twigg, p. 26. 80 ‘Public Charities’ Act 1873 in Tasmania. Neglected and Criminal Children’s (Amending) Act 1874 in Victoria. 81 Parry, p. 134. 82 Robyn Parker, MP, NSW Minister for Environment and Heritage, ‘State Heritage Listing for Renwick State Ward Home’, 25 March 2014, http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/MinMedia/MinMedia14032501.pdf 83 Parry, p. 40. 84 ibid., p. 27. 85 Dickey, No Charity There, p. 79. 86 Swain, ‘The Victorian Charity Network in the 1890s’ p. 358. 87 Twomey, Deserted and Destitute, Motherhood, Wife Desertion and Colonial Welfare, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2002.p. 65. 88 Hetherington p. 25. 89 Catherine Kovesi, Pitch your Tents on Distant Shores, A History of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd in Australia, Aotearoa/New Zealand and Tahiti, Caringbah NSW, Playright Publishing, 2006, p. 49. 90 Find and Connect website, http://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/qld/biogs/QE00460b.htm 91 The Brisbane Courier, 18 December 1863, p. 3. 92 S. J. Routh, ‘Drew, Ann (Anne) (1822–1907)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/drew-ann-anne-12893/text23293, published in hardcopy 2005. 93 Kovesi, p. 51. 94 Dickey, No Charity There, p.35. 95 Janet McCalman, ‘The Royal Women’s Hospital’, Encyclopedia of Melbourne, http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01287b.htm 96 https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=601798 97 Catherine Colebourne, ‘Mental Health’, Encyclopedia of Melbourne, http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00960b.htm 98 Dangerous Lunatics Act, 1843 NSW. 99 http://museumvictoria.com.au/collections/themes/13275 100 Catherine Colebourne, ‘Mental Health’ http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00960b.htm 101 Bernadette Mary Ibell, ‘An Analysis of Mental Health Care in Australia from a Social Justice and Human Rights Perspective with Special References to the Influences of England and the United States of America, 1800–2004’, PhD thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2004, p. 129. 102 ibid., p. 140. 103 South Australian Heritage Database, http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=24961 p_heritageno=24961” 104 Hetherington, p. 33. 105 Evans, p. 39. 106 Evans, p. 40. 107 Mark Finnane, ‘Woolston Park 1865–2001: a retrospective’, Queensland Review, vol. 15, no. 2, 2008, p. 44. 108 http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/#detail_places;12309 109 http://www.kewcottageshistory.com.au/ 110 Find and Connect website – various entries. http://www.findandconnect.gov.au 111 Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Bringing them Home, Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families, 1997, Chapter 8. 112 Parry, p. 155. 113 Bringing them Home, Chapter 5. 114 ibid. 115 ibid., Chapter 9. 116 ibid., Chapter 7. 117 ibid. 118 Dickey, ‘Social Welfare: the Government Sector’, p. 236. 119 Maintenance Act 1843, South Australian Numbered Acts, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/num_act/ma11o6v1843186/ 120 Murphy, p. 38. 121 Shurlee Swain, ‘The Victorian Charity Network in the 1890s’, PhD Thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, 1976, passim. 122 James Jupp (ed), The Australian People, An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and their Origins, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2001, p. 325. 123 Jenny Lee, ‘Depressions’, Davison, Hirst and MacIntyre (eds) The Oxford Companion to Australian History, p. 183. 124 Lee, p. 183. 125 Murphy, p. 93. 126 http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/enlistment/ww1/ 127 Murphy, p. 109. 128 Lee, p. 184. 129 Francis G Castles, ‘Social Laboratory’, in Davison, Hirst and MacIntyre (eds) The Oxford Companion to Australian History, pp. 592–593. 130 Dickey, No Charity There, p. 84. 131 Goodall, ‘Whom Nobody Owns’, p. 71. 132 Select Committee on State Insurance or Old Age and Invalidity Pensions Report, NSW Legislative Assembly, Votes and Proceedings, 1896 vol. 5, quoted in Dickey, No Charity There, pp. 85–86. 133 Dickey, No Charity There, p. 93. 134 Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act 1908, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C1908A00017 135 Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act 1908, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C1908A00017 136 Report of the President of the State Children Relief Board, NSW 1920. 137 http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/Foundation-of-Salvation-Army-social-services/ 138 Ruth Carter, ‘Tucker, Horace Finn (1849–1911)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tucker-horace-finn-8868/text15571, published in hardcopy 1990. 139 Murphy, p. 168. 140 MacIntyre, S, Winners and Losers, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1985, p. 75. 141 Tony Dingle, ‘Depressions’, http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00460b.htm 142 http://www.environment.gov.au/node/19659 143 Senate Community Affairs Committee, Forgotten Australians: A report on Australians who experienced institutional or out-of-home care as children, 2004, http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Completed_inquiries/2004-07/inst_care/index 144 Barnard and Twigg, p. 120. 145 Renate Howe and Shurlee Swain, The Challenge of the City, The Centenary History of Wesley Central Mission 1893–1993, South Melbourne, Hyland House, 1993, p. 107. 146 Report of the President of the State Children Relief Board, NSW, 1920. 147 Beverley Kingston, ‘Anderson, Maybanke Susannah (1845–1927)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/anderson-maybanke-susannah-5018/text8347, published in hardcopy 1979. 148 Margaret Brown, ‘Cowan, Edith Dircksey (1861–1932)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cowan-edith-dircksey-5791/text9823, published in hardcopy 1981. 149 Frances Press and Alan Hayes, ‘OECD Thematic Review of Early Childhood Education and Care Policy’, Australian Background Report, Commonwealth Government of Australia, nd p. 17. 150 ibid. 151 Murphy, p. 103. 152 Leneen Forde, Commission of Inquiry into Abuse of Children in Queensland Institutions, Queensland, 1999. p. 51. 153 Bringing them Home, Chapter 7. 154 Parry, p. 276. 155 Parry, p. 117. 156 Swain, ‘The Victoria Charity Network in the 1890s’, p. 341. 157 Brown, p. 156. 158 Barnard and Twigg, p. 71. 159 Melanie Gibbons, Hammondville, The First Eighty Years.1932–2012, A Celebration of Courage, Success and Vision, Parliament of New South Wales, 2012. 160http://www.housing.wa.gov.au/HousingDocuments/Centenary%20flashback_Great%20Depression%20leads%20to%20new%20Housing%20Trust.pdf 161 Garton, Out of Luck, p. 121. 162 Melanie Oppenheimer, ‘Voluntary Action and Welfare in Post-1945 Australia: Preliminary Perspectives’, in History Australia, vol. 2, no. 3, 2005. 164 GD Snooks, ‘Economy’, in Oxford Companion to Australian History, p. 204. 165 Quoted in Garton, p. 135. 166 David Black, Biography of John Curtin,http://john.curtin.edu.au/resources/biography/details.html 167 Unemployment and Sickness Benefits Act, 1944 (Cwth). 168 Gwen Gray, ‘Health Policy in Australia’, Australian Policy Online http://apo.org.au/commentary/health-policy-australia 169 Garton, p. 136. 170 Hospital Benefits Act, 1945 (Cwth). 171 Gray, ‘Health Policy in Australia’. 172 ‘Eric Cunningham Dax’ Encyclopedia of Australian Science http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P004740b.htm 173 Widows’ Pension Act, 1942 (Cwth), Unemployment and Sickness Benefits Act, 1944 (Cwth), Social Services Consolidation Act, 1947 (Cwth). 174 Danny Shaw, ‘Myths and Facts about Aborigines and Social Security’, Indigenous Law Bulletin no. 20, 1999, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ILB/1999/26.html 175 Bringing them Home, np. 176 ibid. 177 Bringing them Home, np. 178 ibid. 179 ibid. 180 Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Echoes of the Baby Boom’, Australian Social Trends, 2004, http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834 efa/47f151c90ade4c73ca256e9e001f8973!OpenDocument 181 Barnard and Twigg, p. 235. 182 Annual Reports of the Director, 1950 and 1964. 183 EP Mullighan, Children in State Care Commission of Inquiry, 2008, p. 33. 184 Dickey, in Wakefield Companion, says that the CW and PR embarked on a plan for an extended number of buildings and institutions in 1938 and continued that for the next twenty years in Victoria after new legislation was passed. 185 Forde Inquiry. 186 Director’s Report Child Welfare Dept. NSW 1964. 187 Forgotten Australians, Chapter 2. 188 Barnard and Twigg, p. 235. 189 Find and Connect website. 190 Find and Connect website. 191 Find and Connect website. 192 Forgotten Australians, Chapter 2. 193 Forgotten Australians,Chapter 2. 194 Blythe, Counting the Cost, p. vii. 195 Senate Standing Committee on Community Affairs, Lost Innocents: Righting the Record – Report on Child Migration, 2001. 196 The Commonwealth State Housing Agreement. 197 Susan Marsden, ‘Playford’s Metropolis’, in Professional Historians Association (SA), SA175, http://www.sahistorians.org.au/175/documents/playfords-metropolis-2.shtml 198 Australian Heritage Places, http://www.environment.gov.au/node/19635 199 Argus 9 May 1951. 200 Australian Council of Social Services Library, ‘Australian Assistance Plan’. 201 Garton, p. 162. 202 Melanie Oppenheimer, Volunteering, why we can’t survive without it, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2008, p. 128. 203 Garton, p. 150. 204 The poverty line is still updated quarterly by the University of Melbourne Institute of Labour Economics and Social Research. 205 Garton, p. 151. 206 William van Diemen, ‘Unemployment in Australia in the 1970s’, in Cabbages and Kings, Selected Essays in History and Australian Studies vol. 10, History Dept. University of South Australia, 1982. 207 John Norgard, Committee of Inquiry into Child Care Services, paraphrased in Find and Connect. http://www.findandconnect.gov.au/guide/vic/E000375. 208 Marian Quartly, Shurlee Swain and Denise Cuthbert, The Market in Babies: Stories of Australian Adoption. 209 Meg Carter, Terry Burke and Sue Moore, ‘Deinstitutionalising: Implementing Supported Housing Programmes in Two Australian States’, Swinburne Institute for Social Research 2008. 210 ibid. 211 ibid. 212 Find and Connect website. 213 Leneen Forde, in her Inquiry into Abuse of Children in Queensland Institutions, demonstrates just how far Queensland lagged behind the other states. 214 Forde Inquiry. 215 Forde Inquiry Material within this paragraph has been gleaned from a number of sources. 216 Bringing them Home. 217 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, ‘Children with Disabilities in Australia’, Canberra, 2004. 218 ibid. 219 ibid. 220 Anne Summers, Ducks on the Pond: An Autobiography, 1945–1976, Viking, Tingwood, 1999,p. 321. 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