A thematic heritage study on australia’s benevolent and other care institutions thematic Study
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A THEMATIC HERITAGE STUDY ON AUSTRALIA’S BENEVOLENT AND OTHER CARE INSTITUTIONSThematic Study© Copyright Commonwealth of Australia, 2016 A thematic heritage study on Australia’s benevolent and other care institutions – Thematic Study is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people. For licence conditions see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This report should be attributed as A Thematic Heritage Study on Australia’s Benevolent and Other Care Institutions – Thematic Study, Commonwealth of Australia, 2016 The Commonwealth of Australia has made all reasonable efforts to identify content supplied by third parties using the following format ‘© Copyright, [name of third party]’
The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication.
Australian Government Department of the Environment This report has been produced with funding provided by the Australian Government. This report has been produced for the purpose of assisting the Australian Heritage Council in its work
Context Pty Ltd The work to produce the contents of this report was undertaken by Context Pty Ltd. The project team produced the thematic heritage study in accordance with a scoping brief provided by the Australian Government. Project team members include: Louise Honman Jill Barnard – author, history essay Dr Anita Smith – advisor Information If you have found material in this heritage study distressing because of your past connections with benevolent institutions assistance can be found by contacting one of these services Respect 1800 737 732 or Adults Surviving Child Abuse on 1300 657 380. ForewordThe Australian Heritage Council is pleased to publish this thematic study for places associated with Australia’s welfare heritage. Unlike places which have heritage value because of their architectural or scientific characteristics, places which include benevolent or other care institutions are expected to be valued because of their human stories and their consequential impact both on individuals and on families and wider communities. This study has informed the Council’s consideration of the heritage value of benevolent institutions and the setting of the Council’s work plan for assessing places for possible inclusion on the National Heritage List. The study of benevolent and other care institutions in the context of Australia’s welfare history is a complex story. It reveals a past that presents the best and worst of us. There are positive stories of well-intentioned assistance and other stories that are more confronting. The history does, however, reflect our society’s recognition of the need to protect and provide for the vulnerable and disadvantaged. During the early colonial period in Australia, a system of care was informed by British attitudes and shaped by a concern that limited resources should not be given to those who were able bodied or ‘undeserving’. In eighteenth century Britain every ‘decent’ man was expected to provide for himself and his family. A system of qualification for assistance according to whether a person was ‘deserving’ or ‘un-deserving’ began to shift in response to the challenges faced by colonial authorities. The harsh realities of a remote colony meant that, in practice, the needs of the population as a whole needed to be taken into consideration as the colony faced starvation, extreme remoteness and a lack of social and built infrastructure. The social impact of the economic depressions of the 1890s and the 1930s caused another shift in approach. Both public and private systems of care were clearly overwhelmed by the impacts of economic depression. Governments began to provide financial support directly to individuals. These changes were also informed by other political and social reform movements. In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century Australia was recognised worldwide as a social laboratory working towards the adoption of new social ideas such as the introduction of the aged pension, female suffrage and the eight hour day. Looking back on history we can see more clearly the mistakes that have been made. Our understanding of the causes of disadvantage has also developed. A clear example of this is our improved understanding of mental health and illness. Recent national apologies to the Forgotten Australians and former child migrants and Australia’s Stolen Generations of Indigenous Australians has also provided recognition of past trauma and damaging or misapplied policies.
1788–1850 Convict era 13 Ideas, attitudes and beliefs 13 Major trends and influences of the period 13 Recipients of welfare 14 Providers of welfare 19 1850–1890 Charity and asylums 23 Ideas, attitudes and beliefs 23 Major trends and influences of the period 23 Recipients of welfare 24 Providers of welfare 35 1890–1940 Depression and war and the beginnings of Commonwealth welfare provision 38 Major trends and influences of the period 38 Ideas, attitudes and beliefs 39 Recipients of welfare 40 Providers of welfare 46 1940–1972 Post-World War II and the role of the state in social security 49 Ideas, attitudes and beliefs 49 Major trends and influences of the period 50 Recipients of welfare 50 Providers of welfare 56 1972–2001 New movements 58 Attitudes, ideas and beliefs 58 Major trends and influences of the period 59 Recipients of welfare 60 Providers of welfare 62 Concluding remarks 64 National threads and voices 64 Reflections 66 Next steps 67 Bibliography 69 Books 69
Articles 70 ADB entries 71 Papers 71 Theses 71 Journals 71 Reports 71 Websites and databases 72
Appendix 1 73 Thresholds and Indicators Appendix 2 89 Places referred to in the text Appendix 3 95 National Thematic Framework
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