Assessment of motivational patterns of women entrepreneurs in ngo sector and their impact on economic development case Study
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- Table 77: Respondents’ Advices to Nigerian Women Entrepreneurs
- Total 441 100
- CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary of the Work
- 5.2 Discussion of the Findings
- Hypothesis 1
- 5.2.2 Hypothesis 2
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Source: Field Survey, 2007 Below is a report from one of the respondents in the interview we conducted; My going into business I will say, was motivated as a result of a programme I attended in my church. There they encouraged us to start up a business immediately with any small money in our hand. Again, I was really pushed to start the business when I discovered that I needed extra money to support my husband. Even though my husband initially was not in support of the idea of me going into business, I encouraged myself because I know what I am looking for. Initially, capital was a problem but one of my brothers- in-law loaned me N20,000, that was seven years ago. This really helped out (37 years old pure water producer at Ibadan Central, Oyo State). Table 77 revealed the result of the advice offered by the respondents to Nigerian women entrepreneurs. Seventy two or 16.33% of the respondents suggested that self-determination is the best way Nigerian women should be encouraged into business, 61 (13.83%) advised the Nigerian women to work harder, 48 (10.88%) of them advised them to be self motivated, 41 (9.30%) of them advised them to be more focused while 39 (8.84%) and 26 (5.90%) of them advised them to learn to be proactive and start small. Table 77: Respondents’ Advices to Nigerian Women Entrepreneurs
Source: Field Survey, 2007 The responses in Table 77 were further classified into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The result shows that, out of the nineteen (19) points, thirteen (13) are classified under intrinsic motivation while six (6) are extrinsic motivation. References Akeredolu-Ale, E. O. (1975). The Underdevelopment of Indigenous Entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Ibadan University Press. Aldrich, H., and Zimmer, C. (1986). “Entrepreneurship through social networks. In D. L. Sexton & R. W. Smilor (Eds.), The art and science of entrepreneurship, Pp. 3-23. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger. Allen, S. and Truman, C. (1988). "Women’s Work and ‘Success’ in Women’s Business’", Paper Presented to 11th Small Firms Policy and Research Conference, Cardiff, . Barwa, S. D. (2003). “Entrepreneurship”. ILO Hanoi Publication - Working paper, No. 1.April.
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CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary of the Work This chapter contains the summary of the work, conclusions, policy implication of the findings, recommendations, problems encountered during conducting this research, limitation of the research, suggestions for further study and contribution to knowledge. The objectives of this study were to examine the motivational patterns that exist among women entrepreneurs across different industrial sectors of the Nigerian economy using South-West Nigeria as case study and the relationship between these motivational factors and women entrepreneurial performance, the challenges they face in business, their type of business ownership and environmental factors. Apart from the objectives of the study, chapter one contains the statement of problem, research questions, significant of the study, hypotheses, scope and limitation of the study. In chapter two, a lot of literature on SMEs, entrepreneurship, motivation, entrepreneurial performance and the challenges women entrepreneurs face in business were reviewed. Also different theories that relate to entrepreneurship, motivation and women were looked at. Feminism and entrepreneurship theory was adopted as the theoretical framework of this study. In chapter three, to achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher adopted the survey method and a cross sectional type of research design. The instruments of questionnaire and interview were employed to collect the data required for this study. The questionnaires were administered to 570 women entrepreneurs in agricultural, manufacturing, service and trade sectors of the Nigerian economy in Lagos, Ogun and Oyo States. Out of the 570 questionnaires administered, 422 were retrieved and analyzed. In chapter four, the five hypotheses formulated for this study were tested with descriptive statistics, predictive statistics, content and qualitative analysis. Different statistical tools such as ANOVA, Chi-square, factor analysis and correlation coefficient were used in analyzing the hypotheses. In addition to these statistical tools, Lorenz curve was also used in testing the concentration or otherwise of these businesses in the States used as the case study. The study discovered that different motivational factors exist among women entrepreneurs from different industrial sectors and significant relationship exist between the motivational factors and women entrepreneurial performance, the challenges they face in business, their type of business ownership and their environment. Lorenz curve was used to confirm the research questionnaire distribution in the three states used as the case study for the research. Chapter five contains the summary of the study, the discussion, conclusions, implications to policy making, recommendations, problems encountered by the researcher in the field survey, limitation of the research work and the contributions to knowledge. 5.2 Discussion of the Findings The discussion is based on the earlier findings of Akeredolu-Ale (1975); Shapero and Sokol (1982); Kent, Sexton and Vasper (1982); Hisrich and Brush (1986) Aldrich and Zimmer (1986); Carsrud, Gaglio and Olm (1987); Otokiti, (1987); Soetan, (1991); Finnegan and Danielsen (1997); Dhaliwal (2000); Ryan and Deci (2002); Barwa (2003); Ogundele and Opeifa (2003); Gelin (2005); Brunstein and Maier (2005) as contained in the literature review. The supporting findings were cited as well as contradictory views (Stevenson, 1986; Zellner, 1994; Greenberger and Sexton, 1988; Taylor and Kosarek, 1995). As stated earlier, the discussion of this study followed the hypotheses raised and tested. These hypotheses guided the arrangement of the discussions and they are presented below: Hypothesis 1: Different factors do not motivate women entrepreneurs across different industrial sectors in South-West Nigeria The result shows that the null hypothesis was rejected. This implies that different motivational patterns exist among women entrepreneurs across different industrial sectors of the South-West Nigeria. This finding corroborates the needs theory (Murray, 1938; Maslow, 1948) which states that entrepreneurial motivation is determined by the biological, psychological and social needs of an individual (Astin, 1984; Atkinson, 1964; Murray, 1938). Apart from the position of this theory, many studies have reported related findings in line with the finding of this study. A number of studies have examined women’s entrepreneurial motivations (Brush, 1992; Cliff and Cash, 2005). Some findings highlight individual, psychological or personality reasons, while others point to broader on social and economic constraints (Gatewood, 2004; Hughes, 2005). Reflecting on this, different motivational patterns emphasis, a key point of debate concerns the relative role of different industrial sectors and the extent to which women have been “pulled” or “pushed” into entrepreneurship. A common finding in many studies is that women are pushed into entrepreneurship for different reasons which may be similar or different from the reasons that motivate men into entrepreneurship. Notably, men are usually identified with such factors as desire for greater independence, challenge and improved financial opportunity as their motivating factors while women are known with factors such as autonomy, independence and balancing work with family life. Davidson (1991) found out that if the individual believes that entrepreneurial growth may lead to the fulfillment of personal goals then motivation is enhanced and it stimulates the growth of the business activities and the decision to become an entrepreneur based on product of a number of circumstantial factors are established. Morrison et.al, (1992) reported that among the factors that contribute directly to new venture creation among women are nature, size of business, background characteristics, education and experience, collaboration, location, starting capital, external forces, greater career advancement. Other factors include; freedom, flexibility, and increased in economic reward. Among these factors, Stevenson (1986); Zellner (1994); Taylor and Kosarek (1995) suggested that occupational flexibility is a motivator in women entrepreneurship. According to them, it is a more critical factor for women entrepreneurs compared to their men counterpart. In support of this, Ducheneaut and Orhan (1997); Orhan and Scott (2001) emphasized that this flexibility assists with the desire and need to both work and raise families are more peculiar with women entrepreneurs with children, their venture choice offers them more flexibility to accommodate both their business/financial and family responsibilities. Another factor viewed as important in women choice of entrepreneurship as a career is ‘time studies’ carried out by Starr and Yudkin, (1996); Gundry and Welsch (2001). The results of these studies showed that for women entrepreneurs having enough time with their family is primary and their ventures were sometimes specially founded based on this. In NWBC’s (2003) study of the reasons why men and women choose to be self employed instead of being in paid jobs,, they found out that women are much more likely to cite necessity as a reason for going into entrepreneurship than men. They reported that 69% of men cited opportunity as their motivation for starting a business, while 31% cited freedom. In comparison, 56% of women cited necessity, while 44% of them cited necessity as their motivation for starting a business. Thus, more than half of the women said that they became entrepreneurs because there were no other options available. This finding was confirmed by the finding of Brunstein and Maier (2005). Their work revealed that two motives are directly involved in the prediction of entrepreneurial behaviourial pattern. These are involvement in entrepreneurship and new venture creation (implicit and explicit or intrinsic and extrinsic motivation). They also reported that implicit motives are spontaneous impulses to act which is also known as task performances and is aroused through incentives inherent to the task. On the other hand, explicit motives are expressed through deliberate choices and more often stimulated for extrinsic reasons. They concluded that individuals with strong implicit needs to achieve goals set higher internal standards so as to meet up with identified lapses and past failures while others tend to adhere to the societal norms. However, the finding of the present study subscribed to the fact that motivation may be expressed in various ways such as the aspirations or behavioural intentions. In summary, numerous literature demonstrated that the motives of women involvement in entrepreneurial development as most frequently cited was self satisfaction, the search for independence, financial freedom and support to their family. Various factors linked with family needs and wants and these factors differ depending on the industrial sectors involved (Jasime, 1998; Bartol and Martin, 1998 and Gelin, 2005). Among the popular business sectors to be ventured into are services and trading sectors which are to be operated at a micro and small scale enterprise level, requiring low capital investment, minimum labour utilization, a flexible working hours, the priority to the family and fulfilling their leisure time. The results from this research work clearly indicate and opine that psychological, social, financial and supportive environmental factors may well be linked with the reasons why women venture into entrepreneurial activities especially in small and medium enterprises. The reason for the present finding may be anchored on the fact that theories of entrepreneurship that utilize psychology, economic, sociological and innovative processing concepts (Schumpeter, 1934; McClelland, 1961; Knight, 1978; Johnson, 1990 and Reynolds, 1991) at the individual level possess numerous advantages over those that do not. It is pertinent therefore to note that financial and psychological factors play important role in women entrepreneurial development. This finding implies that theories of entrepreneurship that fail to address this notion require further research on. 5.2.2 Hypothesis 2: There is no significant relationship between the factors that motivate Nigerian women entrepreneurs and their performance in SMEs sub- sectors” Hypothesis 2 was rejected. This implies that there is a significant relationship between the factors that motivate Nigerian women entrepreneurs and their performance in SMEs sub- sectors. The finding of the present study is in agreement with earlier studies such as those by Weber (1930) who argued that “individual motivational pattern determines entrepreneurial performance”. In line with this argument, other researchers also assert that psychological motivation or set of motivations of individual is a function of their entrepreneurial personal characteristics such as family status, sex, educational background, environment and growing up in an entrepreneurial family. These factors have been found to influence women performance entrepreneurially (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986; Carsrud and Johnson, 1987; Carsrud, Gaglio, and Olm, 1987; Reynolds, 1992). The results of these researches indicated positive relationship between the personal characteristics of women entrepreneurs and their business performance. Performance in this context was generated by finding the relationship between the respondents’ initial capital and their business current sales. For instance, the position of a woman entrepreneur in her family has a way of affecting her entrepreneurial performance. This seems to support Martins (1984)’s findings which indicated that individuals enter a free-choice period that results from the interaction of five distinct elements: partial social alienation; psychological/physical dispositions; demonstration effects; family factor and precipitating events. These elements have a way of affecting entrepreneurial performance either negatively or positively. Some findings indicated a variety of factors that operate in the business environment that may motivate women to excellence performance. Shapero (1988) and Ronstadt (1985) found factors such as educational background, attitude to work, the economic climate of the market and the availability of accessible funds as important motivational factors that can affect entrepreneurial performance. Greenberger and Sexton (1988) however, criticized Martin's findings and hypothesized that the fact that an entrepreneur has an idea does not necessarily mean that the person will act positively towards implementing such an idea even though he or she possess "personality of an entrepreneur". She or he may need the push from others to convince herself to implement the idea. Looking at the relationship between parental type of business, educational background (entrepreneurial motivational factors) and entrepreneurial performance, Cooper and Dunkelberg (1987) conducted a survey of 890 entrepreneurs and found out that 50% of the respondents with high entrepreneurial performance had at least one parent or guardian who was self-employed, 26% of those with high performance had at least a college degree relating to business while 15% of them had a higher degree in either MBA or business related courses. Other factors in women entrepreneurial motivation that relate to their entrepreneurial performance are the social and entrepreneurial networks that provide access to support services (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986; Smeltzer and Fann, 1989; Reynolds, 1992). Several findings also indicate the importance of membership in an entrepreneurship-supportive network as motivational factor that could affect women entrepreneurial performance (Carsrud and Johnson, 1987; Carsrud, Gaglio, and Olm, 1987). The findings of Learned (1992); Ogundele and Opeifa (2003) who found out that environment affect entrepreneur’s situation, which in turn stimulates her entrepreneurial behaviour and performance, sheds additional light into the relationship between motivation and entrepreneurial performance. In concordance with these findings, there are other performance variables that are not explored in this present study that may give contrary results; this calls for further research in this direction. Yüklə 2,57 Mb. 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