Associate professor of church history princeton theological seminary baker book house

HAMILTON, JAMES: Church of Scotland; b. at Paisley (7 m. w.s.w. of Glasgow) Nov. 27, 1814; d. in London Nov. 24, 1867. He studied at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, became assistant to Robert Candlish at St. George's, Edin­burgh, in 1838, took charge of the parish of Aber­nyte in 1839, and early in 1841 removed to Rox­burgh Church, Edinburgh. In July, 1841, he became pastor of the National Scotch Church,

Regent Square, London, and remained pastor of this congregation till his death. In 1849 he became editor of the Presbyterian Messenger, and in 1864 editor of Evangelical Christendom, the organ of the Evangelical Alliance. He was an incessant literary worker and the author of some of the most widely circulated books of his day. His beat known works are: Life in Earnest (London, 1845), of which 64,000 copies had been sold before 1852; The Mount of Olives (1846); The Royal Preacher (1851), homiletical commentary on Ecclesiastes; and Our Christian Classics (4 vols., 1857 59). His Works were published in London (6 vols., 1869 73); and his Select Works appeared in New York (4 vols., 1875).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: W. Arnst, Life of James Hamilton, New York, 1871; R. Nasmith, Memoirs of Rev. James Hamil­ton, Glasgow, 1896; DNB, xciv. 188.

HAMILTON, JOHN TAYLOR: Moravian bishop;

b. at Antigua, W. I., Apr. 30, 1859. He was edu­

cated at Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pa. (A.B.,

1875), and the Moravian Theological Seminary in

the same town (B.D.,1877). He was then a teacher

in Nazareth Hall Military Academy, Nazareth, Pa.

(1877 81), pastor of the Second Moravian Church,

Philadelphia, Pa. (1881,86), and professor of Greek,

church history, and practical theology in the Mora­

vian Theological Seminary (1886 1903). Since

1903 he has been the American member of the Mis­

sion Board of the Moravian Church, Herrnhut,

Saxony, and in 1905 was made a Moravian bishop.

He was also a member of the administrative board

of the Moravian Church in 1898 1903 and secretary

of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in 1886­

1898 and 1902  03. In theology he is conserva­

tively liberal and is positive, not negative. He was

associate editor of The Moravian in 1883 93 and

sole editor in 1893 94 and 1897 99, and alas written

History of the Moravian Church. in America (New

York, 1895); History o f the Moravian Church during

the eighteenth and nineteenth Centuries (Bethlehem,

Pa., 1900); and History of the Missions of the Mora­

vian Church during the eighteenth and nineteenth

Centuries (1901).

HAMILTON, JOHN WILLIAM: Methodist Epis­copal bishop; b. at Weston, Va., Mar. 18, 1845. He was graduated from Mount Union College, O. (1856) and from Boston University (1871), and was admitted to the Pittsburg Conference in 1868, being appointed to a pastorate at Newport, O. In the same year, however, he was transferred to the New England Conference, and in 1871 founded the People's Church in Boston, of which he was pastor until 1880. From that time until 1900 he held various positions in his denomination, and then was elected bishop. From 1892 to 1900 he was corre­sponding secretary of the Freedmen's Aid and Southern Education Society and also editor of The Christian Educator, and has written Memorial of Jesse Lee and the Old Elm (Boston, 1875); Lives o f the Methodist Bishops (New York, 1883); People's Church Pulpit (Boston, 1884); and American Fra­ternal Greetings (Chicago, 1899).

HAMILTON, PATRICK: Proto martyr of the Scottish Reformation; b. at Stanehouse, Lanark,

Hamilton THE. NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 132

or Mncavel, Linlithgow, about 1503 04; burned at the sake at St. Andrew's Feb. 29, 1528. His father, Patrick, was a natural son of the first Lord Hamilton, knighted for his bravery, and rewarded with the above lands and barony by his sovereign, James IV. His mother, Catherine Stewart, was a daughter of Alexander, duke of Albany, second son of James II.; so that he was closely connected with some of the highest families in the land. His cousins, John and James Hamilton, before the Reformation, rose to episcopal rank in the old church; and several others of his relatives attained high promotion. Destined himself for such promo­tion, Patrick was carefully educated and was in 1517 appointed to the abbacy of Ferne in Ross­shire, to enable him to maintain himself in comfort while studying abroad. Like many of his aristo­cratic countrymen at that period, he went first to the University of Paris, and probably to the College of Montaigu, where John Major, the great doctor of his country, was then teaching with so much dclat, and gathering around him, as he did afterward at St. Andrew's, an ardent band of youthful admirers, who in the end were to advance beyond their pre­ceptor, and to lend the influence of their learning and character to the side of the Reformers. Before the close of 1520 Hamilton took the degree of M.A. at Paris, and soon after left that university for Louvain, to avail himself of the facilities for lin­guistic study provided there, or to enjoy personal intercourse with Erasmus, the patron of the new learning. At this date he was probably more of an Emsmian than a Lutheran, though of that more earnest school who were ultimately to outgrow their teacher and find their home in a new church. He made great progress in the languages and phi­losophy, and was specially drawn toward the system of Plato. With " the sophists of Louvain " he had no sympathy. But there were some there, as well as at Paris, whose hearts God had touched, to whom he could not fail to be drawn. He may even have met with the young Augustinian monks of Antwerp, whom, so soon after his departure, these sophists denounced, and forced to seal their testimony with their blood. In the course of 1522 he returned to Scotland, matriculated at St. Andrew's on June 9, 1523, the same day that his old preceptor Major was incorporated into the university and admitted as principal of the Pmdagogium, or, as it came after­ward to be called, St. Mary's College. Probably he heard there those lectures on the Gospels which Major afterward published in Paris. But his sym­pathies were more with the young canons of the Augustinian priory than with the old scholastic; and possibly it was that he might take a place among the teachers of their college of St. Leonards that on Oct. 3, 1524, he was received as a member of the Faculty of Arts. He was a proficient, not only in the languages and philosophy, but also in the art of sacred music, which the canons and the alumni of their collcge were bound to cultivate. He composed " what the musicians call a mass, arranged in parts for nine voices," and acted himself as precentor of the choir when it was sung. In 1526 the New Tes­tament of Tyndale's translation was brought over from the Low Countries by the Scottish traders:

A large proportion of thp copies are said to have been

taken to St. Andrew's, and circulated there. Hamil­

ton seized the opportunity to commend the holy

book and its long forgotten truths to those over

whom he had influence. His doings could not long

escape the notice of Archbishop Beaton, who, as in

duty bound, issued, or threatened to issue, a sum­

mons charging him with heresy. Hamilton, yielding

to the counsels of friends and opponents, made his

escape to the Continent. He had much profitable

intercourse with Tyndale, as well as with Lambert,

and was urged to remain in Marburg. But, late in

the autumn of 1527, he returned to Scotland, deter­

mined to brave death itself rather than prove faith­

less to his Master where before he had shrunk from

an ordeal so terrible. Nor was it long ere his resolu­

tion was put to a test. After he had labored for a

very short time in his native district, gained over

to the truth several of his relatives, and won the

heart of a young lady of noble birth, to whom he

united himself in marriage, he was invited (Jan.,

1528) by the archbishop to a conference with the

chiefs of the Church "on such points as might seem

to stand in need of reform." At first all displayed

a conciliatory spirit, and appeared to recognize the

evils existing in the Church; some even seemed, in

some points, to share his sentiments, and for nearly

a month all possible freedom in making known his

views was allowed to him. At length the mask was

thrown aside. On Feb. 28 he was seized, and on the

29th brought out for trial in the cathedral. Among

the articles with which he was charged, the more

important were " that a man is not justified by

works, but by faith; that faith, hope, and charity

are so linked together that he who hath one of them

hath all, and he that lacketh one lacketh all; and

that good works make not a good man, but a good

man doeth good works." On being challenged by

his accuser, he also affirmed it was not lawful to

worship images, nor to pray to the saints; and that

it was " lawful to all men that have souls to read

the word of God; and that they are able to under­

stand the same, and in particular the latter will and

testament of Jesus Christ." These truths, which

have been the source of life and strength to many,

were then to him the cause of condemnation and

death; and the same day the sentence was passed

and executed. But, through all his excruciating

sufferings, the martyr held fast his confidence in

God and in his Savior; and the faith of many in the

truths he taught was only the more confirmed by

witnessing their mighty power on him. Nay, " the

reek of Patrick Hamilton infected all on whom it

did blow." (A. F. MITCHELLt.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Sources are: The notices in the Commen 

tary of A. Alesius on Ps. xxxvii., 1554; in the Introduc­

tion to F. Lambert's Commentary on the Apocalypse,

Marburg, 1528; J. Foxe, Acts and Monuments of the

Church, many editions, e.g., London, 1871; J. Knox,

Works, ed. D. Laing i 500 515, Edinburgh, 1895; J.

Spottiewoode, Hiet. of Church of Scotland, ed. M. Russell,

3 vole., ib. 1851  D. Calderwood, Hint. of the Kirk of

Scotland, ed. T. Thomson, 8 vols., ib. 1842 49; R. Lind­

say, Chronicles of Scotland, ad. J. G. Dalyell, 2 vols., ib.

1814. The only formal biography is P. Lorimer , Patrick

Hamilton, the First Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish

Reformation: a Historical Biography, collected from orig­

inal sources, Edinburgh, 1857. The story of Hamilton

133 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Hamilton

has been told by M. d'Aubignd, Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, vi. 14 Sb, London, 1875; recently it has been made the subject of a veritable drama by Rev. T. P. Johnston, Patrick Hamilton, a Tragedy of the Ref­ormation in Scotland, Fdinburgh, 1882. Consult also DNB, xaiv. 201 203.

HAMILTON, THOMAS: Irish Presbyterian; b.

at Belfast Aug. 28, 1842. He was educated at the

Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, Queen's Col­

lege, Belfast, and Queen's University (B.A., 1863),

and was ordained in 1865. From that year until

1889 he was a pastor in Belfast, and since 1889 has

been president of Queen's College. He has like­

wise been a senator of the Royal University since

1890, and has written Faithful unto Death : A

Memoir o f Rev. David Hamilton (his father; Belfast,

1875); Irish Worthies (1875); Our Rest Day (prize

essay; Edinburgh, 1886); History of the Irish

Presbyterian Church (1887); and Beyond the Stars

(1888).

HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM: Scotch philoso­pher; b. at Glasgow Mar. 8, 1788; d. at Edinburgh May 6, 1856. He studied first in

Life. Glasgow University, where his father

had been professor of anatomy and

botany; took a course in medicine at the Univer­

sity of Edinburgh in 1806 07; and in May, 1807,

entered Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1811; M.A.,

1814), where he concentrated upon classics and phi­

losophy and gained the reputation of being the most

learned Aristotelian in the university. In 1813 he

settled in Edinburgh as an advocate, though he

never secured a large practise. In 1820 he estab­

lished his claim to the baronetcy of Preston, and

was thenceforth known as Sir William. In the

same year he was defeated for the chair of moral

philosophy at the University of Edinburgh by John

Wilson (Christopher North), but was elected to the

professorship of civil history in 1821. About 1826

he took up the study of phrenology, and in 1826

and 1827 he read before the Royal Society of Edin­

burgh several papers antagonistic to the alleged

science. He made his reputation as a philosopher

by a series of articles that began to appear in the

Edinburgh Review in 1829. In 1836 he was elected

to the chair of logic and metaphysics in the Uni­

versity of Edinburgh, and held the position till his

death. In 1843 he contributed to the lively eccle­

siastical controversy of the time (see PRESBY­

TERIANS) by publishing a pamphlet against the

principle of non intrusion. He was answered by

William Cunningham. In July, 1844, he suffered

a stroke of paralysis, which made him practically

an invalid for the rest of his life.

Hamilton was an exponent of the Scottish com­mon sense philosophy and a conspicuous defender and expounder of Thomas Reid (q.v.), Position in though under the influence of Kant he

Philosophy. went beyond the traditions of the com­mon sense school, combining Rzth a naive realism a theory of the relativity of knowl­edge. His psychology, while marking an advance on the work of Reid and Stewart, was of the " fac­ulty " variety and has now been largely superseded by other views. His contribution to logic was the now well knowm.theory of the quantification of the

predicate, by which he became the forerunner of the present algebraic school of logicians.

It is his law of the conditioned, with his correlative philosophy of the unconditioned, which comes into nearest relation with theology. This law is " that all that is conceivable in thought lies between two extremes, which, as contradictory of

His Law of each other, can not both be true, but the Con  of which, as mutually contradictory, ditioned. one must be true . . . . The law of the mind, that the conceivable is in every relation bounded by the inconceivable, I call the law of the conditioned." This involved his posi­tion as to the Infinite ti at the Infinite is " incog 

iz

able and inconceivable." This doctrine on its philosophic side is a protest against Kant's skeptical result affirming that reason lands in hopeless con­tradictions; on its theological side it proclaims the impossibility, of knowing the Absolute Being. Only by taking first the philosophic aspect can we correctly interpret its theological relations. Kant had made a priori elements only forms of the mind: and accordingly, the ideas of self, the universe, and God, became only regulative of our intellectual procedure, and in no sense guaranties of truth. Accordingly, Kant has dwelt on " the self contra­diction of seemingly dogmatical cognitions (thesis cum antithesi) in none of which we can discover any decided superiority." These were, that the world had a beginning, that it had not; that every composite substance consists of simple parts, that no composite thing does consist of simple parts; that causality according to the laws of nature is not the only causality operating to originate the world, that there is no other causality; that there is an absolutely necessary being, that there is not any such being. Hamilton's object was to maintain that such contradictions are not the product of reason, but of an attempt to press reason beyond its proper limits. If, then, we allow that the con­ceivable is only of the relative and bounded, we recognize at once that the so called antinomies of reason are the result of attempts to push reason beyond its own province, to make our conceptions the measure of existence, attempting to bring the incomprehensible within the limits of compre­hension.

Thus far a real service was rendered by Hamilton in criticizing the skeptical side of Kant's Critique

o f Pure Reason. He estimated this re 

Agnostic sult so highly as to say of it, " If I

Conse  have done anything meritorious in

quences. philosophy, it is in the attempt to ex­

plain the phenomena of these contra­

dictions." At this point Hamilton ranks Reid su­

perior to Kant; the former ending in certainty,

the latter in uncertainty. But there remain for

Hamilton's philosophy the questions: If we escape

contradiction by refusing to attempt to draw the

inconceivable within the limits of conception, what

is the source of certainty as to the infinite? How are

knowledge and thought related to the existence and

attributes of the Infinite Being? Here Hamilton

is entangled in the perplexity of affirming that to

be certain which is yet unknowable. That there

is an Absolute Being, source of all finite existence, is,

Hamilton

Hammurabi end His Code

THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG

according to him, a certainty; but that we can have any knowledge of the fact is by him denied. Reid had maintained the existence of the Supreme Being as a necessary truth; and Hamilton affirms that the divine existence is at least a natural inference; but he nevertheless holds that the Deity can not be known by us. This is with him an application of the law of the conditioned a conclusion inevi­table under admission that all knowledge implies the relative, the antithesis of subject and object. This doctrine of ignorance was developed by H. L. Mansel, and eagerly embraced by the experien­tialists, J. S. Mill and Herbert Spencer. This gave an impulse to Agnosticism (q.v.), the influence of which must be largely credited to Kant, who re­duced the a priori to a form of mental procedure, and to Hamilton, who rejected Kant's view, yet regarded the absolute as incognizable. However, while insisting that " the infinite God can not by us, in the present limitation of our faculties, be com­prehended or conceived," Hamilton adds that "faith belief is the organ by which we appre­hend what is beyond our knowledge."

Hamilton's principal works are: Discussions on Philosophy and Literature, Education and University Reform (London, 1852), containing his articles published in the Edinburgh Review ; Notes and Dis­sertations, published with his edition of T. Reid's Works (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1846 63); and his Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic (ed. H. L. Mansel and J. Veitch, 4 vols., 1859 60), of which an abridg­ment of the metaphysical portion (vols. i. and ii.) was edited by F. Bowen (Boston, 1870).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: For the life consult: J. Veitoh, Memoir of Sir William Hamilton, Edinburgh, 1869; idem, Sir Will­iam Hamilton the Man and his Philosophy, ib. 1883; articles in St. Paul's Magazine, iv. 685, Eclectic Magazine, lmaII. 570, and Living Age, eiii. 222; DNB, 224 232. On his philosophy consult: J. 8. Mill An Examination of Sir William Hamilton 'a Philosophy, 2 vole., London, 1878; T. S. Baynes, in Edinburgh Essays, pp. 241 300, London, 1857; H. Calderwood. The Philosophy of the Infinite, with special Reference to the Theories of Sir William Hamilton, Edinburgh, 1861; H. L. Mansel, The Philosophy of the Conditioned, London, 1866; J. McCosh, Scottish Philoso­phy, pp. 415 454 New York, 1875; G. 8. Morris, British Thought and Thinkers, pp 25 301, London, 188; W. i3. H. Monck, Sir William Hamilton, ib. 1881.
HAMLIN, CYRUS: Congregationalist; b. at Wa­terford, Me., Jan. 5, 1811; d. at Portland, Me., Aug. 8, 1900. He was graduated from Bowdoin College (A.B., 1834) and at Bangor Theological Seminary (1837). In the following year he went to Turkey under the auspices of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and in 1840 opened Bebek Seminary on the shores of the Bos­phorus, which he successfully conducted for twenty years, also finding an opportunity to aid the Prot­estant Armenians of Constantinople during the Crimean War. In 1860 he resigned from all rela­tions with the American Board because of his theories on vernacular education, and founded Robert College, Constantinople, finally securing an imperial imde placing the institution under the protection of the United States. After a successful presidency of the new college for sixteen years, he returned to the United States in 1876 as professor of dogmatic theology in Bangor Theological Semi 

134

nary, a position which he retained until 1880, when he was chosen president of Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt. In 1885 he resigned this office and retired to private life. He wrote Among the Turks (New York, 1877) and the autobiographic My Life and Times (Boston, 1893), as well as nu­merous sermons, lectures, reviews, and similar brief contributions.

HAMMOND, CHARLES EDWARD: Church of England; b. at Bath (12 m. ex.e. of Bristol), SOmersetshire, Jan. 24, 1837. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford (B.A., 1858), where he was fellow in 1859 73, tutor in 1861 73, and bursar and lecturer in 1873 82. He was ordained priest in 1862, and was chaplain of the Oxford Female Peni­tentiary from 1$70 to 1882. From 1882 to 1887 he was rector of Wootton, Northamptonshire, and since 1887 has been vicar of Menheniot, Cornwall. He was likewise rural dean of East from 1889 to 1890 and from 1893 to 1899, and has been honorary canon of Truro since 1893, examining chaplain to the bishop since 1903, and proctor in convocation for the diocese of Truro since 1905. He has written: Outlines of Textual Criticism applied to the New Testament (Oxford, 1872); Liturgies, Eastern and Western (1878); and The Ancient LMcrgy of Antioch, and Other Liturgical Fragments (an appendix to the preceding volume; 1879).

HAMMOND, EDWARD PAYSON: Evangelist; b. at Ellington, Conn., Sept. 1, 1831. He was edu­cated at Williams College (A.B., 1858), Union Theological Seminary (1858 59), and the Free Church College, Edinburgh, where he completed his education in 1861. In 1862 he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and since that time has devoted himself to Evangelistic work, particularly among the young, in the United States and Great Britain. He has written, among other works: Child's Guide to Heaven (Boston, 1863); The Better Life and How to Find it (1869); Jesus the Lamb of God (1872); The Conversion of Children (New York, 1878); Roger's Travels (1887); and Early Conver­sion (1901).