Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

efforts to link development to conservation such as reserve-neighbour

interaction, are efforts by developed people to protect their particular

concerns with wild nature. As a result these attempts have not been integrated

into a larger conservation and development process. Instead they have been

plagued by short term vision among nature conservation agencies and reserve

neighbours. Linking conservation and development is a process fundamental to

the future of conservation, benefitting people at all levels of development. A

fundamental redefinition of conservation agency objectives and restructuring

conservation agency operations is required such that people are empowered to

manage their own natural resources. Principles to guide and an approach for

structuring such an undertaking are proposed involving collaboration with

relevant agencies.Master of Social Science, University of Natal.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS; CONSERVATION; KWAZULU

Ref ID : 1404

699. Davis, M., Borchers, M.L., and Eberhard, A.A. Rural electrification case-

study in northern Botswana. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa :188-194, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BOTSWANA; ENERGY; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POPULATION; POLICY

Abstract : The article describes an evaluation of the electrification, in 1987,

of the Kasane/Kazangula area in northern Botswana. This project has been

largely funded by donor grants. Although electricity supply has had significant

beneficial impacts on the development of the local economy, almost all of the

low-income households (over 60% of the population) do not have access to the

network. Proposals are made describing an alternative connection and tariff

policy for these households, and the financial and economic implications of

these proposals are tested. Conclusions are made concerning the planning and

identification of rural electrification projects and the need to ensure, (1)

that the economic base in the area is sufficient to support and benefit from the

investment and, (2) that adequate interventions are made to maximise the

benefits to low-income households.

Ref ID : 2132

700. Day, J.A. and King, J.M. Geographical patterns, and their origins, in the

dominance of major ions in South African rivers. South African Journal of

Science 91:299-306, 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2569

701. De Bruyn, T.D. The condition, productivity and sustainability of communal

grazed rangelands in the central Eastern Cape Province. Proceedings of a

symposium on policy-making for the sustainable use of Southern African communal

rangelands.Anonymous Anonymous , 1999.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; COMMUNAL AREA; VELD CONDITION; CISKEI; VEGETATION

CHANGE; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; BIODIVERSITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; POLICY

Notes : The purpose of the study was to describe differences in vegetation

structure, and to quantify rangeland productivity as it is affected by range

condition, between communal and commercial systems. Field observations on veld

conditions were made at the University of Fort Hare research farm, Melani

village, and Dyamala village. The key finding of the study was that communal

areas are as productive as their commercial counterparts, despite differences in

species composition and vegetation structure. The study revealed that there are

significant differences in vegetation structures between commercial and communal

rangeland, with more bush, low grazing height and high leaf content in the

communal rangeland. Communal rangeland, however, had poorer veld condition.

This paper is available at the Document Centre, Agriculture, University of Fort

Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1280

702. De Klerk, C.H. 'n Ondersoek na faktore wat in die weg staan van die

aanvaarding van aanbevole veldbeheerpraktyke.Anonymous Anonymous Pretoria:Suid -

Afrikaanse Instituut vir Landbouvoorligting. :1-291, 1986.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLICY; SUBSIDIES

Notes : In May 1984 a White Paper concerning agricultural and land policy, which

referred to the degeneration of natural grazing in SA, was tabled in Parliament.

In this paper, various goals were set out which aimed at realising the potential

of SA's natural resources and reversing degradation. As a result of the White

Paper the Minister of Land and Water Affairs announced a National Grazing

Strategy which included specific objectives regarding extension officers.

Nonetheless, in this study it is accepted that an effective strategy against

land degradation must necessarily involve the perceptions of many different role

players and interest groups. The present study has succeeded particularly, for

the first time, in gauging the knowledge, and bringing the perceptions of

especially livestock farmers to the fore. This provides a valuable standard

against which future progress and success can be measured. It provides an

excellent background for the creation of focused programmes for extension

activities. It is therefore essential that anybody who is involved in executing

the National Grazing Strategy be fully conversant with the information contained

in this study and that this information should be taken into account when

determining future action and priortities in this regard. This will ensure that

real obstacles will be addressed and also that action will not proceed in a

disorderly and goalless fashion. The study includes, in brief, the following:

a background; method of investigation; a background to livestock farming

specifically; grazing camps and typology of veld types; veld use; grazing

capacity and livestock loading; rotational grazing; veld burning; perceptions of

livestock farmers; state subsidies and nurturing of veld strategies; and

recommendations and conclusions.

Ref ID : 196

703. De Klerk, J.C. Pastures of the southern O.F.S., a century ago and today.

Farming in South Africa :347-354, 1947.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; KAROO DESERTIFICATION; NAMA KAROO; GRASSLAND;

VEGETATION CHANGE; CARRYING CAPACITY; FREE STATE

Notes : The writer has attempted to indicate briefly the condition of parts of

the veld in the past, in contrast to the present position. There is every

reason to believe that, with judicious veld control, these pastures can be

largely restored and their carrying capacity increased. On the other hand,

Nature is warning us that what has already taken place in the southern Free

State, may also happen in our good grassveld areas in other parts of the

country.

Ref ID : 555

704. De Klerk, M. Models of agricultural land-use activities and rural

livelihoods. In: Land redistribution options conference, 12-15 October

1993,Anonymous 1998,

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; LAND USE; MODELS; COMMUNAL AREA; LAND REFORM

Ref ID : 2415

705. De Lange, A.O. Peasant farming and the rural economy of the Eastern Cape.

Agrekon 30(4), 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; LAND USE; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL

DEVELOPMENT; STATISTICS; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Notes : The purpose of the study was to investigate the link between peasant

farming and the rural economy of the Eastern Cape with particular reference to

the Ciskei. The general land use pattern was compiled from personal

communication and the DBSA on SA-TBVC countries' statistical abstracts.

Information on household socio-economic characteristics was extracted from

secondary sources. The study revealed that a peasant agriculture in Ciskei

seeks to supplement off-farm sources of income rather than to sustain rural

families. In order to enable small part-time farmers to make the most efficient

use of the existing resources, support systems must be designed, keeping this

reality in mind. The author stressed that the new systems must differ in many

aspects from those already designed to facilitate the establishment of farmers.

This article is available at the library at the University of Fort Hare. See

ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 985

706. De Lange, A.O. Communal farming in arid regions. Karoo Agric 6(1):12-16,

1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : COMMUNAL AREA; NAMA KAROO; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Notes : Development is a dynamic process and the degree of development of a

society is dependent on an understanding of and ability to control the

environment (natural, economic, and institutional). The primary function of

research is to create this understanding. The challenge facing agricultural

researchers in southern Africa is to generate this understanding in an

environment where all three components are extremely variable.

Ref ID : 2459

707. De Lange, A.O., Van Averbeke, W., Sonandi, A., Lesoetsa, T.E., Witbooi, W.,

and Mei, P. Mid-Fish River Zonal Study: A description and analysis of the soils

and climate, and the agricultural land use systems.Anonymous Alice:University of

Fort Hare. , 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CLIMATE; LAND USE; CISKEI; STOCKING RATE; CARRYING CAPACITY; SOIL

PROPERTIES; FARMING SYSTEMS; RAINFALL; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; IRRIGATION;

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; LEGISLATION

Notes : The purpose of the study was to describe the resource base and the

agricultural land use systems, and their impact on the environment. The study

made extensive use of existing reports. The research team also collected

primary information in the villages, using a combination of questionnaires,

group workshops, and structured individual interviews. The group also conducted

interviews with staff of Ulimocor (CAC) and staff of the Ciskei Department of

Agriculture, based at Tyefu, Sheshegu, Alice and Peddie. A total of 17

commercial farmers were interviewed. The study found that rainfed cropping is

not feasible because of the aridity of the climate, the generally poor quality

of the soils in most of the area, and cropping systems which are poorly adapted

to dry conditions. The benefits of matching stocking rates with carrying

capacity, and using the appropriate species (mix and breed types) for a specific

environment are poorly understood by local African communities. Extension as a

facilitation paradigm with its concomitant principles of participation and

responsiveness, has not been successful. Commercial agriculture is served by a

very extensive information network, while the small farmer is exposed to

extremely rudimentary information services and networks. The research team was

of the view that irrigated farming is the best option in the study area. With

regard to livestock production, the research team felt that there should be a

legal framework and a clear set of rules governing the use of common resources.

Extension as an education paradigm, which sees extension as a conduit for the

flow of information from research to farmer, is the best option. This report is

available at the Document Centre, Agriculture, University of Fort Hare. See

also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1881

708. De Lange, J.P. Bevolkingseise van die 21ste eeu aan die bestaanbronne in

suider-Afrika. Veld Trust Conference on the conservation status of agricultural

resources in the RSA. Du Preez, J.F.Anonymous Pretoria:Unisa. , 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POPULATION; STATISTICS; CULTIVATION; CONSERVATION

Notes : The author attempts to show the important influence which population

growth has had on natural resources. The problems which have arisen require

urgent, practical attention. Statistics show how this problem is likely to

escalate into the 21st century. It is therefore essential that any population

development programme will have to succeed, in order to prevent the further

deterioration of natural resources, for example, land necessary for cultivation.

It is therefore already noted that population development programmes form an

integral part of any programme which prioritises rehabilitation and conservation

of natural resources.

Ref ID : 810

709. De Lange, M. Small scale irrigation in South Africa.Anonymous

Pretoria:Water Research Commission. 578/1/94, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : IRRIGATION; SALINIZATION

Notes : The information contained in this document is almost exclusively based

on a progress report to the Water Research Commission (WRC) on the WRC sponsored

research project: "Evaluation of the irrigation techniques used by small

farmers". It has been reworked somewhat to transform it into an information

document rather than simply a research progress report. It is intended only as

an interim information paper. Of particular importance is that politicians,

planners and technicians realise the small- and micro-scale irrigation makes to

household food security in SA. This is especially true of the vegetables grown

on community garden plots, which often provide an important additional income to

housewives and pensioners who are otherwise fully dependent on outside sources

of income, yet responsible for the nourishment of large families. In contrast,

a large impressive modern irrigation scheme often burdens its participants with

high overhead costs and restrictive management. Small scale farmers want access

to technical support as much as large producers do. This should be supplied in

a facilitative and consultative manner. Unfortunately, projects are still being

planned and implemented by "specialists", who "sort out all the technical

problems" before participants are "selected". This approach does not recognise

the important impact farmers' knowledge of their own situation and requirements

has on choice of technology, nor the importance of developmental process. It is

hoped that this document will help towards a better understanding of the

realities of small-farmer irrigation in SA and towards bringing the thinking in

line with international trends of the 1990s.

Ref ID : 1331

710. de Oliveira Towards the intergration of subsurface flow and overland flow

in gully head extention: issues from a conceptual model for gully erosion

evolution. S.A .Geographical Journal. special edition:120-128, 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MODELS; EROSION

Ref ID : 840

711. De Oliveira, M.A.T. Towards the integration of subsurface flow and overland

flow in gully head extension: issues from a conceptual model for gully erosion

evolution. South African Geographical Journal 79(2):120-128, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; RUNOFF; MODELS; EROSION

Abstract : A conceptual model for gully erosion evolution conceives that, on the

same hillslope, erosive incisions connected and disconnected to the main

drainage net may integrate into a unique channel. At the moment of the

integration, the synergetics of overland flow and subsurface flow would trigger

a stage of accelerated erosion rates. The tendency to the integration proposed

by the model has been verified in the field in a potentially integrative gully

erosion system. Erosive features named "regressive alcoves" have been studied

for the last six months on an experimental field site. Most of the gully head

expansion was associated to the retreat of the "regressive alcoves". The

interaction in time, at the same place, of different mechanisms, was responsible

for the accelerated retreat of the gully head. "Regressive alcoves" seem to be

erosive features in which overland and subsurface flow tend to reach a

synergetic interaction.

Ref ID : 2006

712. De Salincourt, K. South Africa's other bush war. New Scientist 1808:46-49,

1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1491

713. De Smit, A. Brief history of the surveys and the cartography of the colony

of the Cape of Good Hope. South African Survey Journal 12:73-74, 1970.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENERGY; GEOMORPHOLOGY; VEGETATION CHANGE

Notes : The author proposes to give a short account of the rise and progress of

the Surveys and Cartography of the Cape Colony. He states that, although in

this attempt at the old adage "From Africa always something new" he may not

succeed, the marvellous extention and development of that country during the

previous five and twenty years may be taken to justify to some degree of

prominence to the question of Geographical and Topographical work. He concludes

by saying that he "...takes leave to draw attention to the confident forecast of

H.M. Astronomer at the Cape, that at no distant date the Geodetic Survey of

South Africa will be extended northwards through the Continent, crossing

Mashonaland and Matabeleland, and carried on through the great Lake Districts

along the Nile Valley to the Mediterranean." He firmly believes in the

fulfilment of this anticipaton. "The Mahdi's baneful power and influence may

appear to many an insurmountable obstacle; but even so Lobengula and his

Matabeles stood in the way of the onward march of civilization and development".

He asks whether he need point to the Master Spirit in the far South, whose

genius, fertility of resource, and indomitable energy will eventually put even

that obstacle aside.

Ref ID : 33

714. De Villiers, G.D.B. Halt desert's advance: calls for top-level inquiry into

Schwarz Scheme. Farmer's Weekly 119:15, 1970.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; HYDROMETEOROLOGY

Ref ID : 2133

715. De Villiers, L. Sedimentation changes in the Breede River

estuary.University of Cape Town. , 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SEDIMENTATION

Notes : Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Environmental and Geographical

Science.

Ref ID : 2416

716. de Waal, G.J. and Van Zyl, J. Information systems in developing agriculture

with special reference to project management in Ciskei. Agrekon 30(4), 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of this study was to establish how the fast-developing

information technology could be used to assist management decision-making in

developing agriculture as this aspect was identified as one of the main

constraints in a co-ordinated development approach. The research method was

non-experimental and followed a specific qualitative approach. The use of this

method was justifiable and appropriate as the issues considered were not of a

numerical nature. The qualitative study established that there was an

information systems approach available that could be applied by management of

agricultural development institutions to improve their managerial function. The

study, in short, confirms that the innovative application of existing

information system techniques, will enhance managerial decision-making in

developing agriculture. For future use, the critical success factor approach is

highly recommended by the authors. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 1204

717. de Waal, P.E. Agricultural ouput and farm labour resources. In: Agriculture

in Natal: Recent developments,Anonymous Cape Town:Oxford University Press,

1957,p. 194-205.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; KWAZULU NATAL; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; LAND USE;

LABOUR

Notes : The first part of the chapter was adapted from: de Waal P E. 1954. An

analysis of agricultural production in Natal. Farming in South Africa 29, 363.

29 August 1954. The labour situation in Natal farms is unique in its social

organization. Historically it stems from the break-up of Zulu tribes through

internecine warfare which took place about the time of the first European

settlement in Natal, in the forties of last century. Natives settled on European

farms partly as a means of protection against stronger tribes, for they were

initially employed only to a limited extent as agricultural labourers. With the

growth of a market for agricultural products Natives on farms have increasingly

been drawn into a money economy, and greater demands have been made on their

services. Considerable doubt exists at the present time concerning the efficacy

of the system of labour tenants with its ancillary class of squatters. Misuse

and destruction of natural resources have taken place on 'labour farms', while

there is a considerable under-employment of labour in the case of labour

tenants, who for six months of the year, if not entirely idle, are travelling in

search of work; or, if in urban employment or working on their own land, have

little opportunity to develop skill in any capacity whether as farm labourers,

tenant farmers, or industrial workers. The tendency has been for a class of

more fully employed agricultural labourers to develop, for farmers have found

economic advantage in using tenants for periods of longer than six months.

Ref ID : 2460

718. De Wet, C. Resettlement and land reform in SA.Anonymous Alice:University of

Fort Hare. , 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND REFORM; CISKEI; LABOUR; SETTLEMENT IMPACTS; SOCIOECONOMIC

ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose was to provide a brief overview of the extent and the

consequences of several different kinds of resettlement. The method used in

this study was case studies in Ciskei, Transvaal and QwaQwa. The study reveals

that land reform in the post-apartheid South Africa will require further

resettlement, and considers a number of possible settlement patterns, as well as

some of the problems likely to arise. To be successful a land reform programme

needs to take account of those people who may suffer from it, such as farm

workers and labour tenants, and homeland villagers. The former are in danger of

being disposed of what access to land they have, while the latter are in danger

of the state allocating resources to the rest of the country, where land reform

must be seen to work, and of remaining land - hungry. This report is available

from the University of Fort Hare main library. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2473

719. De Wet, C. Land tenure, economic differentiation and social interactin in a