Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

long-term strategy aimed at fostering effective management of the rangeland

resources. The White Paper on Agricultural Policy, tabled in May 1984, made

reference to the alarming deterioration of natural rangelands and led to the

drawing up of the National Grazing Strategy (NGS), released to Parliament in May

1985, which was endorsed by the Department of Agriculture and accepted in its

entirety by the Government. The NGS committed authorities to reassess

approaches to rangeland utilization in SA and to achieve a number of clearly-

defined goals within a specified time frame. The implementation of the NGS has

been carefully monitored. Despite some progress, few of the goals set have

actually been achieved. However, various problems have arisen such as the need

to encourage the co-operation of all range users, develop informed public

opinion, increase manpower and establish priorities, all of which must be taken

into account when future rangeland strategies are devised. These strategies

also need to recognize the dichotomy that exists between programmes aimed at the

development of certain industries and those aimed at resource conservation. It

is proposed that future implementation of the NGS should be augmented by some of

the following important second phase actions: (i) The strategy should be

converted into a policy to be applied to all Departmental institutions, (ii)

policy makers and politicians must accept liability and must take the lead in

the application of stringent measures aimed at agricultural resource

conservation and utilization.

Ref ID : 2010

808. Du Toit, R. The spread of prickly pear in the Union in Farming in South

Africa. 1 - 5 + map.(1 - 5), 1942.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : MAPS

Ref ID : 842

809. Dube, P. Monitoring land degradation in semi-arid regions using high

resolution satellite data. In: Natural vegetation as a resource: a remote

sensing workbook for east and southern Africa, Version 1, edited by Scurlock,

J.M.O., Wooster, M.J., and D'Souza, G. 1995,p. 119-130.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; MONITORING; SATELLITE IMAGERY

Ref ID : 2402

810. Dube, Z.N. Fuel usage in Upper Ncera - a rural community in Ciskei. 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; ENERGY; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Notes : The aim of the study was to: 1. investigate the prevailing situation on

fuel usage in the Upper Ncera rural community in Ciskei; 2. determine if the

introduction of readily and cheaper fuel is feasible and helpful; and 3.

determine if increased fuel availability can result from improved rural

extension programmes. Several hypotheses were formulated and tested. An

interview/survey method was used to gather data from participating respondents

in the study. The results indicate the support of the hypotheses in general. A

great deal of affordable substitute fuel is identified and several suggestions

are made on how to combat fuel shortages. Despite its importance fuel, as a

fundamental ingredient in man's daily life or existence, has been grossly

overlooked in the developmental process. The detrimental effect of this neglect

on the general health and nutrition status of developing communities, is a

common phenomenon. This thesis is obtainable from the Document Centre,

Agriculture, UFH. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 2515

811. Dube, Z.N. The role of women in the household economy in Gqumahashe,

Sheshegu and Hopefield in the Victoria East District province of South Africa.

1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; METHODOLOGIES; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; GENDER ASPECTS;

CISKEI; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLICY

Notes : The purpose of the study was to examine the role of women in the rural

household economy in three areas of the Eastern Cape. Specifically, it aimed at

identifying: 1. the major household activities of women in the study area; 2.

the contribution which women make towards household economic decision-making

sources of information; and 3. possible recommendations for policy-making in the

Eastern Cape. The methodology used was that of a survey. The survey itself was

conducted in three locations in the Victoria East district. Data was obtained

through interviews, and making use of questionnaires. One hundred and twenty-

eight (128) women were randomly selected according to their marital status

categories, and were interviewed on a one-on-one basis. The findings of the

study indicated that: approximately 61% of the respondents were above 50 years

of age; 73% were non-working women; and 78% were illiterate. The majority of

the women do not have access to land (59.4%) and 48.5% earn R800 or less per

month. Another 48% spend more than 60% of their income on food and groceries.

The main sources of income for women are pensions, which were found to

contribute 35% of their income. This was followed by remittances (29%) and

salaries (16%), while hawking contributed 9% to their income. It was concluded

that the role of rural women in the average household economy determines the

extent to which they can participate in rural development projects. This thesis

is obtainable from the Document Centre, Agriculture, University of Fort Hare.

See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1096

812. Durning, A.B. Apartheid's environmental toll. Worldwatch Paper 95.Anonymous

Anonymous Worldwatch Institute. , 1990. 0-916468-96-8.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLITICAL ASPECTS; MODELS; POLICY

Notes : In most respects, SA is far from an environmental model. Even setting

aside for a moment the depredations wreaked by apartheid, the nation shares

severe ecological problems with much of the world. Its overuse of pesticides,

including DDT and deadly components of Agent Orange, endangers farm workers and

the food chain alike. However, the only exceptional factor in SA's problems as

compared with that of the rest of the world, is the factor of apartheid. It was

an extraordinary means to which the state resorted to maintain racist policies

and thereby doomed the nation's ecology to suffer the results.

Ref ID : 1346

813. Durning, A.B. Apartheid's enviromental toll.Anonymous 95:5-50, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Notes : See notes under ID no: 1096.

Ref ID : 843

814. Duvel, G.H. and Afful, D.B. Human constraints in stock reduction and

communal land management in a subsistence farming situation in South Africa.

Rep. S. Afr. Inst. Agric. Ext.Anonymous Pretoria:University of Pretoria. -219,

1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; CARRYING CAPACITY; COMMUNAL AREA;

DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; LAND TENURE

Ref ID : 2135

815. DWA Management of the water resources of the Republic of South Africa.

Pretoria:Department of Water Affairs. , 1986.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2136

816. DWAF Water quality management policies and strategies in the RSA.Department

of Water Affairs and Forestry. , 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : WATER QUALITY; POLICY

Ref ID : 2139

817. DWAF The philosophy and practice of integrated catchment management:

implications for water resource management in South Africa. Pretoria and

Rivonia:Water Quality Programme Division of the CSIR and Wlamsley Environmental

Consultants. , 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2137

818. DWAF South African water quality guidelines. Pretoria:CSIR Environmental

Services. 2, 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : WATER QUALITY; FORESTRY

Notes : Published for the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry.

Ref ID : 2140

819. DWAF and WRC A strategic plan for the Department of Water Affairs and

Forestry for the implementation of catchment management in South Africa. 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FORESTRY; POLICY

Notes : Developed under the auspices of the Policy and Implementation Task Team

for Institutions for Resource Planning and Catchment Management.

Ref ID : 2249

820. Dyksterhuis, E.J. Condition and management of rangeland based on

quantitative ecology. Journal of Range Management 2:104-114, 1949.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1411

821. Eberhard, A.A. Energy consumption patterns in underdeveloped areas in South

Africa.Anonymous Cape Town:Energy Research Institute. 94:1-120, 1986.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENERGY; DEFORESTATION; COMMUNAL AREA; RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : This study is an attempt to fill some of the gaps in the existing

knowledge: to build up a national picture of energy consumption patterns in non-

electrified rural and peri-urban areas, looking not only at fuelwood but the

full range of energy sources used, the manner in which they are used, as well as

people's perceptions of energy related problems and preferences as a guide to

future interventionist strategies. The objective is to relate energy

consumption patterns in underdeveloped areas to national energy and development

questions in SA. The results of this study should not be seen merely as a fact-

finding exercise. Rather, it is directed towards the task of identifying

specific actions, strategies and technologies which will improve the situation.

The study seeks to identify needs and problems as well as people's responses and

perceptions to possible solutions.

Ref ID : 1448

822. Eberhard, A.A. Fuelwood calorific values in South Africa. South African

Forestry Journal 152:17-21, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENERGY; DEFORESTATION; FOREST; METHODOLOGIES; AGROFORESTRY

Notes : The demand for fuelwood from natural woodland and forests is fast

outstripping supply and the need for developing woodlots for increased fuelwood

production is more urgent than ever. While some work is being done on the

silvicultural aspects of promising fuelwood species, little information exists

on the relative combustion characteristics of these species. The most commonly

used parameter for comparing alternative fuels is calorific or heat value. This

paper describes the methodology used to determine calorific values of solid

fuels, and documents these for a wide variety of indigenous and exotic species.

Other, possibly more useful, comparative measures of the combustibility of

fuelwoods are also discussed.

Ref ID : 1412

823. Eberhard, A.A. Energy consumption patterns and supply problems in

underdeveloped areas in South Africa. Development South Africa 7(2):335-346,

1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENERGY; DEFORESTATION; POVERTY; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA;

MODELS; POPULATION

Notes : Energy usage provides one striking example of processes and conditions

of development and underdevelopment in SA and the concomitant inequalities in

fulfilment of basic needs. Access to affordable and convenient fuels increases

as households shift from underdeveloped rural and peri-urban areas to the

developed metropolitan centres. The form and quantity of fuels used by

households is constrained by levels of urbanization, the availability and cost

of fuels, and household income. The energy supply problems in developing areas

centre on two critical and immediate issues. Firstly, in rural areas the demand

for fuelwood is exceeding supply with quite devastating social, economic and

environmental consequences. A fuelwood supply and demand model has been

developed which indicates the urgency for implementing affforestation

programmes, although lack of sufficient suitable land implies that other energy

supply strategies will also have to be considered. The second major problem is

that the standard, most convenient and affordable domestic energy supply option,

electricity, has still not been made available to many black townships and most

peri-urban areas. With increases in population and urbanization, the problem of

adequate household energy supply is shifting to peri-urban areas, which

experience major social and economic costs as a result of dependence on costly

and inconvenient fossil fuels and batteries. Electricity has been shown to be

the most economical and preferred option.

Ref ID : 1403

824. Eberhard, A.A., Borchers, M.L., and Archer, F.M. Energy for development:

participatory research in Namaqualand. Journal of Energy R & D in Southern

Africa :12-16, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENERGY; DEFORESTATION; NORTHERN CAPE; COMMUNAL AREA; SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

Abstract : A research project on energy consumption patterns and energy supply

options in Namaqualand is described and analysed in relation to two main issues.

First, the relation between energy and development is examined. The provision

of adequate and affordable energy for all households is seen to be part of a

development strategy aimed at meeting the basic needs of the poor. However, new

energy supply schemes may be inappropriate and may even be resisted by local

communities if they are not part of the process of development planning - which

leads to the second main issue examined in this paper. The participation and

support of local people in development projects is greatly facilitated if they

are part of the project from the beginning, including the research phase which

identifies problems and needs and explores alternative solutions. The

participatory research process and main findings of this project are described.

Finally, some subsidiary points are made about economically viable and

appropriate energy supply options for remote areas.

Ref ID : 1398

825. Eberhard, A.A. and Van Horen, C.R. Poverty and power: energy and the South

African state, Cape Town:University of Cape Town Press, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POVERTY; ENERGY; DEFORESTATION; CLIMATE

Notes : About 20 pages have been photocopied dealing with fuelwood consumption

patterns mainly. The headings included are: household access to electricity in

SA; multiple fuel use among poor households; geographic location as a

determinant of energy use (including rural-urban differences in energy use, the

impact of climate on energy use, and proximity to coalfields); energy

expenditure in household budgets; and household energy choices - a critique of

energy transition theory (including an overview of energy transition theory, and

criticisms of energy transition theory).

Ref ID : 2478

826. Eckert, J.B. and Williams, W. Identifying serious farmers in former Ciskei:

implications for small-scale farm research and land reform. Agrekon 34(2), 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; LAND REFORM; POPULATION; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTION; FARMING SYSTEMS; STATISTICS; POLITICAL ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT;

LAND USE; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Notes : The purpose of the study was to identify serious farmers in the former

Ciskei and to discuss implications for small-scale farm research and land

reform. More specifically, the objectives of the study were: 1. to identify

high potential or serious farmers and quantify their characteristics; 2. to, in

the context of emerging farmers, quantify the characteristics and constraints of

high potential farmers in order to guide research on appropriate technologies

for these conditions; and 3. to assess the current optimism about land reform

and its possible contributions to various politically endorsed, rural

reconstruction objectives. For this study, a 1987 survey of the Mgwalana Tribal

Authority was chosen. Mgwalana contained 5 residential areas (extended

villages) with a total population of 620 households. A 20% sample (N=125) was

randomly selected from household lists provided by headmen. Data was collected

with the help of structured questionnaires. The study area typifies the

expected results of Alan Louw's theory regarding disincentives to farming in

Southern Africa, i.e. most households do not actively use their land resources.

Statistical stratification methods were developed and tested to provide the

means for quickly identifying seriously committed farm households. While the

percentage of households identified as serious farmers is small, they account

for a disproportionately large share of the region's agricultural production and

farm resource use. They thus constitute an attractive recommendation domain for

farming systems research and extension programmes. The study further indicates

that a random selection of current residents in historically black rural areas

who are to become recipients of redistributive land, runs the significant risk

of cloning the passive resource use patterns found in Mgwalana and elsewhere in

the former Ciskei. Purposive efforts to select serious and capable farmers to

receive land would seem the best option. This article is obtainable from the

main library at the University of Fort Hare. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2536

827. ECSECC INFO The Wild Coast spatial development initiative (SDI): the voice

of the people.10, 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; GENDER ASPECTS;

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

Notes : The purpose of the study was to determine community needs, and views on

development on the Wild Coast. In addition, the study aimed to identify main

problems with the Wild Coast SDI. Questionnaires were administered and

interviews were conducted. An average of 25 households per cluster was

interviewed by an interviewer who did door-to-door visits in every household

within a cluster. There was a minimum of 125 households per cluster. The focus

group discussed community problems, priorities and their expectations of the

SDI. Seventy-seven percent of the community have unprotected primary sources of

water, 38% used government health services and 34% of heads of households had no

education. School attendance of children is high. Ninety-five percent of 11 -

13 year olds attend school with a small gender gap favouring girls. Sixty

percent of households use public transport. The average household expenditure

per month was R47. Seventy-five percent had no expenditure on telephones in past

months. Fifty-four percent of households had never made telephone calls. Two

out of three households produce food. One in 10 households sold food. Overall,

an average income of R1 000 per month per household of 5.8 people was recorded.

One in 10 households had zero income. This pamphlet is available at the ISER,

Rhodes University, Grahamstown. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 2537

828. ECSECC INFO Butterworth: policy lessons for development.Information

Bulletin of the Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council. 11, 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POLICY; LABOUR; TRANSKEI; IRRIGATION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; GOVERNMENT

INITIATIVES; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the previous

government's decentralization programme at Butterworth, and to establish what

interventions were necessary to address the problems caused by the programme. A

field survey in Butterworth was conducted. Material related to development in

Butterworth was collated. Material related to development in Butterworth and

the surrounding area was collected and relevant role players from the community,

business, labour and goverment were interviewed. The research concluded that

the industrialization of Butterworth in the 1990s was artificial and not

sustainable. The development of Butterworth into an urban settlement had not

resulted from a natural growth process, but instead from poorly conceived

policies and practices regarding urban development in the former Transkei. The

area was more suited for agriculture. A large irrigation project, the Ncora

Irrigation Scheme, was started in the early 1980s with the aim of cultivating

about 3 000 ha of vegetables, fruit and cattle feed using water from the Ncora

Dam on the Tsomo river. However, during the 1990s the Ncora project was

assimilated into subsistence agriculture, the norm for most rural Transkei.

People in the region farm cattle, grow maize and pineapples. This document is

obtainable from the ISER, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. See also ID ref. no.

2339.

Ref ID : 2243

829. Edwards, D. A plant ecological survey of the Tugela river basin. Memoirs of

the Botanical Survey of South Africa no. 36.Anonymous Anonymous 36, 1967.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BOTANICAL SURVEY

Ref ID : 1456

830. Edwards, K. The ecology of a Transkei village. Link 12:19, 1979.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : TRANSKEI

Notes : UCT ENGEO Library Accession number LNK0012A.

Ref ID : 1867

831. Edwards, P.J. The use of stocking rate/animal performance models in

research and extension. Proceedings of the Grasslands Society of Southern Africa

15:73-77, 1980.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MODELS; STOCKING RATE

Abstract : Stocking rate has a profound influence on the animal production from

pastures, the profitability of the enterprise and often the longevity of the

pasture. The stocking rate/animal performance model of Jones & Sandland (1974)

is a valuable tool in the characterization of pastures in terms of animal

production and in achieving target masses of animals at target dates. The use

of this model in experimentation and in the prediction of animal performance on

the farm is discussed.

Ref ID : 2141

832. Eekhout, S., King, J.M., and Wackernagel, A. Classification of South

African rivers, volume 1.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Environmental Affairs

and Tourism. , 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 261

833. Ellery, W.N. and Mentis, M.T. How old are South Africa's grasslands? In:

Forest-savanna boundaries. edited by Furley, P.A., Procter, J., and Ratter,

J.A.London:Chapman & Hall, 1992,p. 283-292.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; VEGETATION CHANGE; GRASSLAND; ARCHAEOLOGY;

GRAZING EFFECTS; LAND USE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; FOREST; FIRE

Notes : (1) The age of the grassland biome in SA is examined in the light of