Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

challenged or perpetuated existing gender relations. The way in which women vis

a vis men have been incorporated and involved in these projects has hence been

accorded a central focus. A need for such an emphasis had been expressed by

other Institute projects, especially considering that the majority of the rural

poor in SA comprise women. A practically oriented, more specific aim of the

project, is to provide recommendations and guidelines to the Institute, as to

how their projects can be improved to minimise the perpetuation of the specific

position of rural women.

Ref ID : 1646

954. Friedman, S., Budlender, D., Dube, N., Bond, P., Khoza, M., Seager, J.,

Bourne, L., Phillips, R., and Thomas, L. The impact of infrastructure investment

on poverty reduction and human development.Anonymous Anonymous Halfway

House:Development Bank of Southern Africa. Discussion Paper No(4):1-186, 1998.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POVERTY; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; COMMUNAL AREA

Notes : This is a collection of five separate papers.

Ref ID : 619

955. Fuls, E.R. The effect of nutrient enriched sediment deposits on the

vegetational traits of a patch-grazed semi-arid grassland. Vegetatio 96:177-183,

1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS; GRASSLAND; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; GRAZING

EFFECTS; RUNOFF

Abstract : Permanent grazing exclosures were established in semi-arid grasslands

to study long-term successional trends of vegetation in patches representing

varying stages of vegetation retrogression. After an exceptionally heavy

thunder-shower one research plot was flooded with run-off water from cultivated

lands nearby, resulting in the deposition of nutrient enriched sediment in the

research plot. The subsequent vegetational trends are compared to vegetational

trends of similar patches in a control plot, in the same grazing camp, which was

not flooded. Successional trends were accelerated in the sediment covered

micro-plots due to the improvement of habitat conditions. Substantial basal

cover increases, ranging from 30% to 124,5%, were recorded in flooded micro-

plots. By comparison basal cover increases in the control plot varied from 1%

to 45%. In both cases the basal cover changes were predominantly the result of

basal cover increases of large, tufted, perennial grass species. Patches

representing severe vegetation retrogression in the sediment covered research

plot, in contrast to degraded patches in the control plot, showed the most

significant increases in basal cover of large, tufted, perennial grass species.

It is concluded that degraded grassland could be restored effectively through

habitat improvements.

Ref ID : 1027

956. Fuls, E.R. Time for a new approach in range science and management?

Bulletin of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 1(2):3-5, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT; STOCKING RATE; FIRE; CLIMATE; EROSION; HYDROLOGY;

RAINFALL; CONSERVATION

Notes : In short, it is suggested that research is necessary to answer important

questions such as: how does stocking rate, animal type, period of occupation,

season of grazing, fire, physical farm planning, climate and bush control affect

habitat condition (i.e. aspects like soil compaction and crusting, erosion,

range hydrology or rainfall effectivity)?; how does habitat condition affect

phytomass and biomass productivity?; are present grazing practices adequate to

preserve the habitat?; to what extent must they be adjusted to achieve habitat

preservation and/or improvement?; which vegetation types, land forms and soil

types are especially prone to habitat retrogression?; to what extent do range

improvement strategies improve habitat condition?; how does habitat condition

affect species composition, diet selection, phenology of important grazing

species and defoliation thresholds of important grazing species?; and how

important is habitat condition in high rainfall areas?. These questions need to

be addressed to ensure optimal range productivity and resource conservation in

the long term. It is argued that these important questions will only be

addressed sufficiently if a national drive towards more habitat orientated range

management and research arises. Undoubtedly these, and other relevant research

questions regarding range habitat preservation, need to be addressed urgently to

ensure optimal range productivity and resource conservation in the long term.

One final question: to what extent does the general ignorance of important

habitat attributes by the range science profession contribute to the continued

retrogression of southern African rangelands?

Ref ID : 1028

957. Fuls, E.R. Some important concepts and perspectives in rangeland ecosystem

dynamics and their significance for rangeland science. Bulletin of the Grassland

Society of southern Africa 1:21-22, 1991. (Abstract)

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; GRASSLAND; SOUTHERN AFRICA;

RAINFALL; MONITORING; MODELS; DROUGHT

Abstract : Research was initiated to evaluate the influence of mismanagement on

the range habitat and to study habitat and vegetation interactions during range

succession and retrogression processes in the climatic climax grasslands of

southern Africa. Simultaneously the impact of patch-overgrazing on range

vegetation and habitat attributes was assessed and patch-dynamics were

monitored. In seriatim, some of the main findings and contributions to range

science are as follows: substantial habitat degradation occurs concomitant with

vegetation retrogression in overgrazed areas. Rainfall effectivity reductions

of more than 50% are not uncommon in severely overgrazed areas; monitoring of

vegetation attributes will give no timely warning of habitat retrogression due

to a time-lag between habitat retrogression and vegetation retrogression; a

descriptive range ecosystem retrogression model, which illustrates the biotic

and abiotic interactions, and ecosystem degradation dynamics associated with

rangeland retrogression processes, is presented; patches in poor condition

expand at the expense of less-degraded patches in years of below-average

rainfall; patch-selective overgrazing has a detrimental effect on the stability

of semi-arid rangelands. The resilience of range vegetation to unfavourable

climatic conditions is adversely affected where patch-overgrazing occurs;

results indicate that semi-arid rangelands which have retrogressed beyond a

threshold of drought resilience, cannot rest-cover; urgent research is needed to

devise management strategies to reduce patch-overgrazing in semi-arid and arid

rangelands. If present levels of patch-overgrazing are not reduced

substantially, the continued retrogression of these rangelands will not be

halted; range vegetation succession towards a more desirable species

composition, basal cover and phytomass production could be directed through

habitat improvements; habitat condition governs rangeland vegetation trends; the

range habitat is more sensitive to mismanagement than the vegetation.

Consequently, habitat retrogression precedes vegetation retrogression;

management strategies should be evaluated firstly according to their ability to

preseve or improve the range habitat; habitat condition has to be assessed

simultaneously with other relevant rangeland condition attributes to ensure that

range condition assessments are a true reflection of the actual condition of the

range; a technique for objective habitat condition assessments in rangelands is

presented; the necessity of habitat oriented approach in range science and

management is illustrated. A new range science and management philosophy is

proposed; and a rainfall effectivity orientated environmental management

philosophy is regarded as the key to successful natural resource management and

preservation.

Ref ID : 1353

958. Fuls, E.R. A technique for objective habitat condition assessment in

rangelands. Journal of Arid Enviroments :195-197, 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Ref ID : 1053

959. Fuls, E.R. Semi-arid and arid rangelands: a resource under siege due to

patch-selective grazing. Journal of Arid Environments 22:191-193, 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GRAZING EFFECTS; VELD CONDITION; VELD MANAGEMENT; RAINFALL;

CONSERVATION

Abstract : The role of patch-selective grazing and subsequent patch overgrazing

in the continued retrogression of remi-arid and arid rangelands is discussed.

Patch overgrazing induces vegetation and habitat retrogression. It reduces

rangeland productivity, enhances desertification and adversely affects rangeland

stability. Low and erratic rainfall aggravates the patch retrogression.

Current management practices do not achieve optimal utilisation of available

forage concomitant with resource conservation. Urgent research is needed to

devise management strategies to reduce patch overgrazing in rangelands. If

present levels of patch-selective grazing are not reduced substantially, the

continued retrogression of semi-arid and arid rangelands will not be halted.

Ref ID : 901

960. Fuls, E.R. A technique for objective habitat condition assessments in

rangelands. Journal of Arid Environments 22:195-198, 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; RAINFALL; CONSERVATION

Abstract : An objective habitat condition assessment technique is proposed which

is based on calculations of similarity between rainfall effectivity (displayed

in soil wetness) of reference and test areas subjected to the same environmental

conditions and inputs. If this habitat condition assessment technique is used

concomitant with vegetation condition assessments, the overall 'state of health'

of the rangeland ecosystem can be evaluated more accurately. Objective habitat

condition evaluations would help to direct rangeland management strategies

towards achieving optimal utilisation concomitant with resource conservation.

Ref ID : 1052

961. Fuls, E.R. and Bosch, O.J.H. The influence of below-average rainfall on the

vegetational traits of a patch-grazed semi-arid grassland. Journal of Arid

Environments 21:13-20, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RAINFALL; GRASSLAND; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; DROUGHT

Abstract : The effect of below-average rainfall on the species basal cover of

semi-arid grasslands varies between patches representing different stages of

degradation. Total basal cover of patches in good condition increased in

contrast to patches in poor condition, due to increases in basal cover of high

ecological status species. Patches in poor condition expanded at the expence of

less degraded patches. Long-term patch over-utilization stresses the vegetation

beyond a threshold of drought resilience. Consequently, the absence of

livestock grazing did not prevent retrogression of patches in poor condition in

times of drought. The following hypothesis was formulated: semi-arid vegetation

which has retrogressed beyond a threshold of drought resilience can not rest-

recover. Recovery trends in above-average rainfall seasons will be reversed in

subsequent below-average rainfall seasons due to the instability of the

retrogressed vegetation and lack of resilience to even minor droughts.

Ref ID : 1348

962. Fuls, P.F., Conradie, W.J., and Mohr, P.J. Soil acidity and lime.

Pretoria:Department of Agricultural Technical Services. , 1974. 113.

Reprint : In File,

Notes : In summary, the most important practical aspects of liming are: to get

expert advice as to how much and what type of lime should be used, in other

words, do not apply lime before proper soil analyses and lime requirement

determinations have been made; apply lime in good time; work lime in as deeply

as possible; mix lime as thoroughly as possible with the soil; apply the

fertilising programme (for higher yield objective) after liming; provide for

possible temporary trace element deficiencies (especially Zinc and Boron) after

liming; and decide on a suitable liming programme and make it an integral part

of the production programme.

Ref ID : 814

963. Funke, J.W. The water requirements and pollution potential of South African

gold and uranium mines.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research Commission. KV9/90,

1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : WATER QUALITY; POLLUTION

Ref ID : 2144

964. Gale, B.A. and Day, J.A. Catchment management and water quality. Managing

fynbos catchments for water. Boucher, C. and Marais, C.Anonymous

Stellenbosch:Foundation for Research Development Programme Report Series 24.

24:75-87, 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FYNBOS

Notes : Proceedings of a workshop held on 30 November 1993 at Stellenbosch, SA.

Ref ID : 421

965. Galvin, R.M. Occurrence of metals in waters: an overview. Water SA 22(1):7-

18, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLLUTION

Abstract : Presence of metals in natural, drinking and waste waters can imply

two types of circumstances (depending on concentration and specific metal):

firstly, certain positive effects, especially, when the metals present in

drinking water are essential for human life (e.g. Mo and Zn); secondly, some

negative and toxicologically undesirable effects for both human consumption and

the general environment (i.e. Cd, Hg). This paper gives an overview of

outstanding aspects related to the chemical behaviour, occurrence, physiology

and toxicology of the 25 metals most frequently found in waters: aluminium,

antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt,

copper, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel,

potassium, sodium, selenium, silver, tin and zinc. On the other hand, the

maximum concentrations of metals in natural, drinking waters and waste waters

are listed according to the actual Spanish regulations. Finally, references to

the maximum levels of metals in drinking waters established by a recent proposal

of Directive in the European Union, as well as the lastest WHO's guideline

values for metals have been also considered.

Ref ID : 710

966. Gandar, M.V. Livestock and drought in KwaZulu. Occasional Paper 01. Rural

Studies Series.Anonymous Anonymous Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural

Resources, University of Natal. , 1982. During the drought years of 1980 and

1981 in Mahlabatini District, KwaZulu, 140 households were surveyed by

questionnaire. The survey suggested that mean annual mortality over this period

was 23% for cattle, 22% for sheep and 20,5% for goats. Population size in cattle

was reduced by 16% in 1980 and by 12% in 1981, while in goats there was a

reduction of 13% in 1980 but an increase of 8% in 1981. Factors affecting these

rates are discussed. The numbers of animals bought, sold or slaughtered were

very small compared to numbers of births and deaths.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DROUGHT; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; KWAZULU; COMMUNAL AREA; POPULATION

Ref ID : 695

967. Gandar, M.V. Wood as a source of fuel in South Africa. Monograph

4.Anonymous Anonymous Scottsville:Institute of Natural Resources. , 1983.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DEFORESTATION; ENERGY; FORESTRY; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; METHODOLOGIES

Notes : At present about 4% of SA's primary energy is wood, most of which is

non-commercial firewood. In the subsistence sector serious shortages of

firewood occur in many areas. A vigorous effort is required to promote woodlots

for fuel. Methodology is governed more by social factors than technical. The

problem in the commercial sector is quite the opposite, that is, under-

utilization. There is already unused waste and surplus totaling over ten

million tonnes per year as well as scope for a million hectare expansion in

plantation. In this case solutions and implementation are subject to technical

and economic factors. The wood is seldom in the right place and the right form

for use as energy. The problem of incompatibility with the end-use system and

difficulties in transporation can often be reduced by converting the fuel to a

gaseous, liquid or char form, but this involves an energy loss.

Ref ID : 711

968. Gandar, M.V. Wood requirements of rural people and an approach to woodlot

development. Paper presented at a seminar on woodlots. National Council of

Women, Bothas Hill. Occasional Paper 03.Anonymous Anonymous

Scottsville:Institute of Natural Resources. , 1983.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ENERGY; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA; GENDER ASPECTS;

AGROFORESTRY

Ref ID : 712

969. Gandar, M.V. Agricultural reforms needed to accelerate black advancement in

Southern Africa. Paper presented at the 21st Annual Conference of NAFCOC,

Bophuthatswana, August. Occasional Paper 07.Anonymous Anonymous

Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal. :1-12,

1985.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; POLITICAL ASPECTS;

POLICY; COMMUNAL AREA; LAND TENURE; LABOUR

Notes : This paper deals with the following: Blacks in agriculture; Black

workers on White farms (including the wage bill, captive labour, mechanisation,

and ideas on what is to be done); and the homeland areas (including subsistence,

rural development,constraints and reforms needed).

Ref ID : 1399

970. Gandar, M.V. The history and experience of woodlot development for fuelwood

production in southern Africa. In: Renewable energy resources and technology

development in southern Africa, edited by Eberhard, A.A. and Williams, A.T.Cape

Town:Elan Press, 1988,p. 247-261.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; ENERGY; DEFORESTATION; FORESTRY

Notes : The first woodlots to provide poles and fuel-wood for rural Black people

in southern Africa were planted nearly 100 years ago. Woodlot programmes have

met with varying degrees of success. Woodlots vary in size from factions of a

hectare to hundreds. Liaison, management, harvesting, distribution of produce

etc. have similarly differed from woodlot to woodlot. The means of control

covers a spectrum from departmental to non-goverment organisations to local

authority to private. It is concluded that there is no satisfactory way of

evaluating woodlot programmes. These are measured in terms of areas afforested,

production achieved and jobs created. It would be easier for foresters to

become involved in community forestry if they could be given credit for some of

the more subtle and less tangible benefits of community development.

Ref ID : 1410

971. Gandar, M.V. and Grossman, D. The management of natural woodland for

fuelwood and other resources: Review and policy proposals.Anonymous Cape

Town:Green Trust & Energy for Development Research Centre. :1-51, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENERGY; DEFORESTATION; SAVANNA; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; POLICY;

POVERTY; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND USE; CONSERVATION; BUSH ENCROACHMENT; COMMUNAL

AREA; ZIMBABWE; BOTSWANA; FORESTRY; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Notes : Project Ref. No. GT/28. This report looks at the natural woodland areas

of SA as potential fuelwood resources and describes factors associated with the

utlisation of such resources under four land-use regimes: (1) communal land -

traditional grazing lands; (2) communal land - Resource Management Areas; (3)

formally conserved areas under a conservation authority; and (4) freehold

commercial ranching areas. The savanna woodland areas currently provide the

bulk of the fuelwood used in SA. The consumption of domestic fuelwood in SA is

of the order of 11 million tons per annum. There is potentially adequate wood

to meet needs provided it can be accessed. Within the commercial ranching

areas, bush encroachment is perceived as a problem, while a scarcity of wood

resources characterises many communal areas. Savanna areas are currently used

primarily for livestock ranching. There is very limited potential for increased

production from this source on an economically viable and sustainable basis.

Posibilities for increasing the productivity and economic viability lie in the

woody component where it is presently under-utilised. Regarding communal areas:

the report describes some traditional systems of control of natural resources in

communal areas, and the institutions which apply them. In a changing society,

both the institutions and the management systems are being challenged, and are

having to adapt to new circumstances; in principle, intervention in the area of

natural resource utilisation should be directed at building on existing

practices as far as possible. However, in SA we lack a comprehensive picture of

these practices, of the systems of control and access, and of tenure,

particularly tree tenure; resource management Areas (RMAs) are a special case of

communal land management. Although not as yet as widespread in SA as, for

example, in Zimbabwe or Botswana, they represent opportunities for sustainable

and equitable management of common property resources; and access to RMAs may be

restricted, and resource use regulated, but the benefits accrue to the community

as a whole. The report has the following to say about formally conserved areas:

protected areas controlled by conservation agencies are potential sources of

fuelwood. In only a small proportion of the conservation areas in SA is wood

harvesting actually permitted; some logistical problems of access control need

to be addressed; and in some quarters, attitudes are changing towards a more

people-orientated approach to conservation, but new management paradigms are

still being sought to translate the new concepts into practice. Regarding

commercial farmlands, they are a major potential source of fuelwood. A small

proportion of this wood is used as fuelwood for farmworker families and some is

transported to areas where it is needed; and wood harvesting can be incorporated

into a management strategy to control bush encroachment and invasive species,