Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

of SA's population is available, DBSA's Centre for Policy and Information (CPI)

has for some time been engaged in the creation of a demographic information base

with the primary aim of catering for the Bank's own information needs. In the

creation of this information base, use is made of the results of official

population censuses, other secondary sources in which the census results were

adjusted, as well as CPI's own estimates based on recognised statistical and

demographic techniques. The purpose of the report is to provide a quantiative

exposition of the size, structure and distribution of the South African

population, and it is directed at especially those persons requiring detailed

information on the demography of this country.

Ref ID : 2207

573. Calow, R.C., Robins, N.S., Macdonald, A.M., Macdonald, D.M.J., Gibbs, B.R.,

Orpen, W.R.G., Mtembezeka, P., Andrews, A.J., and Appiah, B.O. Groundwater

management in drought prone areas of Africa. Water Resource Development

13(2):244, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DROUGHT

Ref ID : 1740

574. Camp, K.G.T. Valley Bushveld of KwaZulu-Natal. Natural resources and

management.Anonymous Cedara:KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture. N/A/95/2:1-

120, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KWAZULU NATAL; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; VELD MANAGEMENT; VELD

CONDITION; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; DESERTIFICATION

CONTROL

Notes : An investigation was undertaken to determine what management practices,

if any, might restore some agricultural potential to the devastated land in the

Valley Bushveld area in the Weenen district. Secondly, together with

information generally available to pasture science, it sets out to describe

practices most likely to prevent further resource degradation in the Valley

Bushveld. However, as the project progressed and after its completion, the land

and its vegetation became of increasing interest and a source of pleasure to the

author. He studied, described and illustrated in detail many of the components

that make up the Valley Bushveld. This book sets out information and

conclusions on the management of the Valley Bushveld of KwaZulu-Natal. It also

opens a window on the very nature of the area. It will appeal to

agriculturalists and to people with a love for nature.

Ref ID : 1739

575. Camp, K.G.T. and Smith, J.M.B. Veld management planning in KwaZulu-

Natal.Anonymous Cedara:KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture. N/A/97/5:1-155,

1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD MANAGEMENT; KWAZULU NATAL; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; FARMING

SYSTEMS

Notes : Section 1 provides information, step by step, on how to plan a farm for

veld management purposes. Each step either gives full details, or refers to an

appendix which provides explicit instructions on how to do the planning

concerned. Formulae with all the necessary information, plus an example, are

given in the appendices. In addition, references to sections 2 and 3 are given

where further information is provided. Section 2 deals with the planning

procedures for three veld management systems. No particular system is

recommended, but procedural instruction is provided to implement any one of the

three systems. Any one of these systems can, of course, be adapted to meet a

farmer's needs. Chapters on veld management recording and adaptive veld

management are included in this section. References to sections 1 and 3 are

made where necessary. Section 3 provides additional reading to support the

planning steps of sections 1 and 2 which are essentially brief and to the point.

Ref ID : 1452

576. Campbell, A. and Child, G. The impact of man on the environment in

Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records 3:91-110, 1971.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : BOTSWANA; FAUNA; CULTIVATION; FIRE; SOUTHERN AFRICA; MAPS; CLIMATE

CHANGE; PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS; RAINFALL; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; VEGETATION

DYNAMICS; VEGETATION CHANGE

Notes : Long term climatic changes have occurred throughout Africa and have had

a profound influence on the continent's flora and fauna, but it is only within

the relatively recent past that man has been able to influence these changes to

a significant extent. Climatic changes normally take thousands of years to

manifest themselves in the fauna and flora of a region, but man with his

domestic animals, cultivation and fire can induce changes, similar to those

produced by a reduction in the long term average precipitation, in a very much

shorter time. This paper compares the ecological conditions in that part of

southern Africa which is now Botswana up to 150 years ago, with conditions as

they are now, and concludes that man has had a markedly depressive effect on the

productivity of the environment, especially within the past 100 years or less.

Consideration of ecological changes which have taken place is prefaced by a

brief summary of long term climatic changes which appear to have affected this

part of Africa since the last ice age and by an account of the history of human

occupation in Botswana. It has been necessary to mention a fair number of place

names in the text and although many of these are shown on the map, it has not

been possible to include all of them, and readers are referred to large scale

maps of Botswana.

Ref ID : 2338

577. Campbell, B.M., Dore, D., Luckert, M., Mukamuri, B., and Gambiza, J.

Economic comparisons of livestock productin in communal grazing lands in

Zimbabwe.Anonymous Zimbabwe:University of Zimbabwe. , 1999. During the last

decade a 'new rangeland science' has emerged. One of the tenets of the new

science is that pastoralists should not adhere to a single conservative stocking

rate, but rather adopt an opportunistic strategy, where numbers will fluctuate

widely in response to good and bad seasons. It is further argued that

opportunistic strategies give higher economic returns compared to strategies

based on conservative stocking rates. In the current paper we compare the

economics of four cattle management scenarios. The analysis is based on a

simulation model of the fluctuation over time of animal numbers, outputs and

prices, using data from field surveys and the literature. Our results suggest

that strategies based on conservative stocking rates would have higher NPVs than

strategies based on opportunistic stocking rates. However, to receive the full

benefits of destocking, a decision to destock has to be made at the level of the

community, as the benefits of improved outputs can only be acheived if the

stocking rates of the communal grazing lands are reduced. Making collective

decisions about managing numbers is a process with considerable transaction

costs. It is surprising that a tight tracking scenario (where numbers of cattle

are managed by purchasing and selling so as to maintain numbers in equilibrium

with the available feed resources) is being recommended in the most recent

literature. Our results suggest that such a system would come with considerable

economic losses. The costs of a current programme to reclaim small dams

illustrate the environmental costs of the opportunistic scenario. A tight

tracking policy is likely to further increase environmental degradation and its

associated costs. We identify several serious flaws in the papers that elevate

opportunistic pastoral systems as giving higher economic returns than other

systems.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ZIMBABWE; STOCKING RATE; MODELS; POLICY; COMMUNAL AREA; ECONOMIC

ASPECTS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; CARRYING CAPACITY

Ref ID : 1999

578. Campbell, P.L., Bell, R.S., and Kluge, R.L. Identifying the research

requirements for the control of Silver Wattle (Acacia dealbata) in Natal. South

African Forestry Journal 155:37-41, 1990.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1089

579. Capon, M.H. and O'Connor, T.G. The predation of perennial grass seeds in

Transvaal savanna grasslands. South African Journal of Botany 56(1):11-15, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GRAZING EFFECTS; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; SAVANNA; GRASSLAND; PLANT-

ANIMAL INTERACTIONS

Abstract : An experimental investigation revealed high levels of predation of

perennial grass seed by ants and rodents in some savanna grasslands. Up to 87%

of the seed was removed after only 3 days, with ants alone removing up to 55% of

the total available seed. The combined predation by rodents and ants resulted

in an exponential pattern of disappearance of seeds, whereas the consistent

removal of individual seeds by ants resulted in a linear pattern of

disappearance of seeds. Birds did not appear to be significant granivores.

There was limited selection by ants for the smaller-seeded grass species, but

ants consumed considerable amounts of seeds of all sizes.

Ref ID : 108

580. Cardy, F. Desertification. Our Planet 6(5):4, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS

Ref ID : 936

581. Carlson, K.A. Weaning the natives from the natural forests in the native

territories. Journal of the South African Forestry Association 1(2):75-76, 1939.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : DEFORESTATION; COMMUNAL AREA; FOREST

Notes : In this article the author proposes using wattle plantations in order to

save forests. He also expresses his concerns regarding the difficulties of

implementing this idea.

Ref ID : 1665

582. Carnegie, J., Roos, M., Madolo, M., Moahloli, C., and Abbot, J. The rocky

road towards sustainable livelihoods: land reform in Free State, South Africa.

Gatekeeper 78:1-17, 1998.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND REFORM; FREE STATE; POLICY; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; MODELS;

SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; POLITICAL ASPECTS;

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Notes : The onset of the 'new South Africa' with democracy and the focus on

people has filled people with hope and confidence to take on new challenges.

The new policies provide the framework for people to take up these

opportunities, yet the social component in the creation and development of SARLs

is repeatedly neglected. Sustainability in SA is mostly measured in economic or

financial terms. In cost-benefit terms, only the financial components and the

short term economic feasibility are considered. In order for the process of

land reform and agrarian change to contribute to rural livelihoods which are

based on sustainable agriculture, the major drivers of the process (notably the

policy makers and their implementing organisations) need to become more aware of

the elements contributing to SARLs. These should be made explicit and dealt

with in a conscious and co-ordinated manner. Support is needed to create

communities which are able to adapt and adjust to the continuous changes and

dynamic nature of both their internal and external environments. By providing a

basic model of the elements contributing to SARLs, and assessing a South african

land reform case study against elements of that model, we hope to have created a

starting point for debate amonst the numerous stake holders in making a success

of land reform in promoting a brighter future for all in rural South Africa.

Ref ID : 1093

583. Carney, D. Changing public and private roles in agricultural service

provision, London:Overseas Development Institute, 1998.pp. vi-90.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Ref ID : 2285

584. Carrion, J.S., Scott, L., and Vogel, J.C. Twentieth century changes in

montane vegetation in the eastern Free State, South Africa, derived from

palynology of hyrax dung middens. Journal of Quaternary Science 14(1):1-16,

1999.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : FREE STATE; FYNBOS; RAINFALL; FIRE; VEGETATION CHANGE

Abstract : The dating and pollen analysis of a hydrax dung deposit in a mountain

rock shelter (Rooiberg Shelter II) are compared with that in a previous study

from the same mountain range at the rural town Clarens, in South Africa.

Calibration of radiocarbon measurements from the dung deposit provides different

possibilities for the age of the sequence. Unlikely dates can be eliminated on

the basis of pollen stratigraphy, comparisons with a previously studied

accumulation from the last 30 yr, artificially increased radiocarbon levels in

the upper samples as a result of nuclear arms testing after 1954, the presence

of historically introduced exotic elements, and the assumption of a relatively

constant rate of dung accumulation. According to these considerations we

suggest that the dung started accumulating at the beginning of the twentieth

century. The pollen contents show marked changes in composition, indicating

mainly open grass vegetation with fynbos in the first half of this century and

woody vegetation in the second half. A first marked increase of the woody

component is estimated to have occurred around 1950, but it only became

permanent in the 1960s. The fluctuating pollen sequence can best be interpreted

in terms of the combined effects of rainfall changes, fire and stock grazing,

the latter of which increased together with town expansion in the area during

the course of this century. Considering historical events recorded in the area

and the region in general, the results suggest that pollen in hydrax dung is a

good recorder of vegetation change.

Ref ID : 952

585. Carruthers, J. Towards an environmental history of southern Africa: some

perspectives. South African Historical Journal (23):184-195, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; SOUTHERN AFRICA; CONSERVATION

Notes : When historians of southern Africa have dealt with the relationship

between humanity and nature, they have generally interpreted it in terms of the

exploitation of the latter by the former. More commonly, however, the natural

world has merely been regarded as the background of human interaction. By

contrast, two of the publications under review are indicative of a growing

interest in the history of the conservation of the natural environment of the

subcontinent, while the third traces the evolution of interest in this field.

All three publications hint at a move away from anthropocentrism towards the

inclusion of the natural environment as a participant with man in shaping common

historical past. It has become clear that planetary conservation will be a key

economic, political and social philosophy of the 21st centry, and it may be the

recognition of this factor which is enticing an increasing number of historians

of southern Africa to explore this field.

Ref ID : 1081

586. Carter, A.J. and O'Connor, T.G. A two-phase mosaic in a savanna grassland.

Journal of Vegetation Science 2:231-236, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SAVANNA; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; GRASSLAND

Abstract : A two-phase grassland mosaic was described using species association

measures and pattern analysis techniques on local frequency data from six

transects of contiguous quadrats. One phase consisted of almost mono-specific

patches of Setaria incrassata, which was negatively or not associated with ten

common species. The other phase was dominated by Themeda triandra which was

positively associated with several species. PQV analyses revealed similar,

significant, anisotropic scales of contagion of Setaria and Themeda, with phases

alternating over 9 m up-slope and 4 m along the contour. Setaria was associated

with a tree canopy and deeper soils of higher organic carbon content than

Themeda, which was negatively associated with tree canopies. Excavation of

Setaria rhizomes indicated mean densitise of 20.5 putative genets/m2 and 3.6

ramets ger genet. Dense clonal growth, seedling recruitment and a competitive

exclusion mechanism may contribute to patch maintenance.

Ref ID : 2208

587. Casey, N.H., Meyer, J.A., and Coetzee, C.B. An investigation into the

quality of water for livestock production with the emphasis on subterranean

water and the development of a water quality guideline index system - volume

2.Anonymous Water Research Commission. 644/2/98, 1998.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; WATER QUALITY

Ref ID : 434

588. Cass, A., Savage, M., and Wallis, M. The effect of fire on soil and

microclimate. In: Ecological effects of fire in South African ecosystems, edited

by Booysen, P.d. and Tainton, N.Berlin:Springer Verlag, 1984,p. 312-325.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; FIRE; SOIL NUTRIENTS; MICROCLIMATE; HYDROMETEOROLOGY;

RUNOFF; EROSION; GRASSLAND; RAINFALL; SOIL PROPERTIES

Notes : The effects of fire regime on soil physical properties are not well

understood, but the bulk of the evidence available suggests that the physical

condition of the soil surface exposed to regular fires will generally exhibit

retrogressive change. Quantitative data in support of this statement are

generally lacking for southern African conditions but most researchers agree

that secondary effects such as reduced infiltration rate, increased surface

runoff and accelerated wind and water erosion are characteristic of most soils

which have been subjected to regular burning. Microclimatic responses to fire,

although not well documented in the SA literature, can be predicted in broad

direction if not in magnitude. There is, however, insufficient information for

detailed understanding of the response of particular ecosystems to fire,

especially at the level where modelling of the entire soil and atmospheric

system is attempted. Hydrological responses within the entire soil-plant-

atmosphere continuum are especially difficult to predict at present. The effect

of fire on nutrient cycling is perhaps one of the most important facets of fire

ecology. Generally it is still not possible to predict whether burning has a

beneficial or adverse effect on the overall nutrient status of particular

ecosystems. Since fire has the potential for large-scale transformations of

plant nutrients, regular burning could, under appropriate circumstances, result

in substantial losses of essential elements from particular ecosystems, and

particularly for such systems as sandy grasslands during periods of heavy

rainfall. Surprisingly, this aspect does not appear to have received the

research attention that is warranted by the widespread use of fire as a

management device. Generally, soil and microclimatic research in relation to

fire ecology has been unco-ordinated and fragmentary in the past. Comprehensive

information on the general response of soil properties and microclimate in

particular ecosystems to the short and long-term effects of fire is entirely

lacking for southern African conditions.

Ref ID : 1166

589. Catling, D. and Armstrong, G. Overview of alternative farming systems.

Farming systems for emerging farmers in the Sandveld region of the Western

Cape.Anonymous South Africa:Centre for Integrated Rural Development (CIRD).

1:iii-44, 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : WESTERN CAPE; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT;

COMMUNAL AREA; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; FARMING SYSTEMS

Ref ID : 686

590. Chapman, V. The riparian zone and soil conservation: a case study of an

agricultural catchment in Natal, Republic of South Africa.University of St.

Andrews, Edinburgh, Scotland. :1-54, 1992. Honours Geography Dissertation.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CULTIVATION; SOIL EROSION; KWAZULU NATAL; SOIL CONSERVATION; EROSION

CONTROL

Notes : The aim of this study is to assess the possible role of the riparian

zone in minimizing soil loss. For this study, the Umhlali catchment was chosen

and within this catchment, the focus was on one of its sub-catchments. There

are two important components to the situation. There has been the removal of

natural vegetation and its replacement with agricultural land which has been

taking place for many decades and in some areas it is still happening. On top

of this problem, there are the current agricultural practices, some of which are

damaging to the land and are having adverse effects in the Umhlali river

catchment including the lower reaches and the estuary.

Ref ID : 659

591. Chappell, C.A. and Brown, M.A. The use of remote sensing in quantifying

rates of soil erosion. Koedoe 36(1):1-13, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SATELLITE IMAGERY; REMOTE SENSING; EROSION

Abstract : A remote sensing technique is applied in the quantification of the

aereal involvement and rates of spread of sodic sites in the upper Ripape River

drainage basin of the Kruger National Park. The results show changing areas of

sodic site erosion over a period of 41 years. Possible cause and effect

relationships are not discussed but the magnitude of soil loss suggests that the

erosion has progressed at a rate which is in excess of the rate of natural

denudation, under the prevailing climatic regime.

Ref ID : 833

592. Christiansen, R.E., Van Rooyen, J., and Cooper, D. Editor's introduction to

World Development. Special section papers entitled "Experience with Agricultural

Policy: Some Lessons for South Africa". World Development 21(9):1447-1566, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POLICY; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND REFORM; MODELS

Notes : The workshop raised many interesting and controversial lessons for land

reform and agriculture in SA. Powerful, cogent arguments were presented about

the need for radical measures to redistribute agricultural land and not to

persist with the agricultural model which is near collapse as a result of its

internal contradictions. Small-scale farmer development, which has been the

basis of relatively successful land reforms in other countries, seems to offer

potential in the higher value commodity areas such as horticulture, areas where

outgrowers schemes are possible, and in peri-urban areas. On the other hand,

the demands for land by pastoralists was not adequately addressed. Their

demands, along with environmental concerns, are subjects for further