Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

regular cash remittances. Only 5 people in the sample were employed informal

jobs and informal work is unstable and variable. Chapter 5 contains a

description of the types of fuels used, attitudes towards different fuels,

appliances used and fuel expenditure. The dominant fuel used at Mabibi is wood.

It is used for cooking, ironing, heating water and in some cases for lighting.

Attutides towards wood as a good fuel are grounded in the fact that it is cheap

and readily available, that it is their custom to use wood, that it suits the

type of food cooked and the manner in which it is cooked. It is unlikely that

this practice will change in the near future and this aspect should not be

neglected in energy planning. The most widely used alternative fuel is gas.

Most other studies have pointed to paraffin as the most commonly used

transitional fuel because it is much cheaper than gas. The reason for this

anomaly may lie in the fact that because there is an abundant supply of free

wood, the alternative fuels are used minimally and the people therefore may

select the fuel they prefer without it impacting heavily on the household

budget. Gas is used at certain times of the day, for example the mornings, when

tasks need to be performed quickly. Gas was preferred over paraffin as a

cooking fuel and for heating water because it is quicker and easier to use and

does not release fumes. Where paraffin is used it is mainly for lighting

because it is cheap. Expenditure on fuel ranged from 5 to 30% of monthly income

and is not directly proportional to income. It is dependent to a greater extent

on the activities in which the household members are involved, the source of the

income and the number of appliances owned, or in other words the degree of

modernisation of the household. Households in which the members have a secure

position in the labour economy have moved away from the traditional fuels and

have purchased appliances which entail a greater expenditure on fuel. In view

of the importance of wood as a fuel, chapter 6 is devoted to a discussion of the

collection and usage of wood. Women and children are responsible for collecting

wood. There is an abundant supply of fuelwood at Mabibi, the main source being

the dune forest, although wood is collected from around the homesteads and Lake

Sibaya when needs are pressing and there is insufficient time to collect from

the dune forest. Trips to the dune forest take at least 1 and a half hours and

sometimes more than 3 hours, whereas collection time around the homesteads

ranged from 25 to 60 minutes. On average, households collected wood 3 times a

week. The people have a good knowledge of the tree species and there are a

number of species which are avoided due to societal taboo, association with

folklore and because they are not good fuelwood. The KwaZulu Bureau of Natural

Resources (KBNR) plans to fence off the coastal dune forest to conserve its rich

ecological diversity. Clearly, controlled access to the forest will impact

heavily on the Mabibi community who depend on the dune forest for survival and

who regard the forest as theirs. It is vital that this potential point of

conflict be addressed if conservation is to succeed and the community is to

survive. Whilst socio-economic factors, household activities and gender

relations affect energy consumption patterns there are other factors such as

seasonal and institutional influences which are elaborated on in chapter 7.

Chapter 8 presents an account of daily household responsibilities and

acctivities, as it is argued that the activities and the demands that they place

on women's time influence the energy related activities of the day. What is

apparent is that women have full days which demand that a number of different

responsibilities are fulfilled. In any given day certain forms of work will

take priority over others. This also applies to energy related activities, so

that if women are too busy to make a trip to the dune forest to collect wood,

they will collect from around the homestead and meals are not cooked when there

are other tasks to be done. Chapter 9 is devoted to an evaluation of the Wind

Energy Project as it has served to inform the way in which the community has

come to think about electrification and the meaning that it has for their lives.

Every respondent in the sample, whether they believe they can afford it or not,

revealed that they would like to have electricity in their homes. It is

stressed that if the project is to live up to its goals of enhancing the

educational environment and improving the quality of life of the community, that

local peoples' priorities and needs must be taken into account and that the

project's vision should be one of local sustainability. In this respect it is

recommended that local people should be involved in the maintenance of the wind

energy system and that community participation should form an important part of

the planning, implementation and management of any future project of this

nature. It is further suggested that an educational NGO be involved in the

project at this stage to ensure that the optimal benefit from the system is

derived. Conclusions are drawn in chapter 10, and chapter 11 contains a list of

recommendations which relate to: energy utilization in rural communities in

general; the unique aspects of energy utilization in Mabibi in view of the

institutional influences from organisations such as KwaZulu Bureau of National

Resources and KwaZulu Forestry; and finally, the Mabibi Wind Energy Project.

Ref ID : 2306

1159. James, F.C. and McCulloch, C.E. Multivariate analysis in ecology and

sytematics: panacea or pandora's box? Annual Review of Ecological Systems

21:129-166, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POPULATION

Notes : The article concludes that the ecologists and systematics need

multivariate analysis to study the joint relationships of variables. That the

methods are primarily descriptive in nature is not necessarily a disadvantage.

Statistical inference may be possible, but, as with univariate analysis, without

experiments even the most insightful applications can only hint at roles,

processes, causes, influences, and strategies. When experiments are not

feasible, quasiexperimental designs, which involve paired comparisons or time-

series analysis, may be able to provide weak inferences about causes. As with

univariate work, statistical inference (tests and p-values) should be reported

only if a probability sample is taken from a well-defined larger population and

if assumptions of the methods are met. Interpretations of multivariate analyses

should be restricted to the joint relationships of variables, stepwise

procedures should be avoided. We did not expect our review to have such a

negative flavour, but we are forced to agree in part with the criticism that

multivariate methods have opened a Pandora's box. The problem is at least

partly attributable to a history of cavalier applications and interpretations.

We do not think that the methods are a panacea for data analysts, but we believe

that sensitive applications combined with focus on natural biological units,

modelling, and an experimental approach to the analysis of causes would be a

step forward. In morphometrics, few workers are taking advantage of some

precise mathematical methods for the definition of size and shape and their

covariation.

Ref ID : 1707

1160. Jarman, N. and Bosch, O. The identification and mapping of extensive

secondary invasive and degraded ecological types (test site D). In: To assess

the value of satellite imagery in resource evaluation on a national scale.

Special report, edited by Malan, O.C.Pretoria:CSIR, 1973,p. 77-80.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SATELLITE IMAGERY; VEGETATION CHANGE; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT;

ECONOMIC ASPECTS; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Notes : The investigators conclude, firstly, that it was encouraging that

vegetation boundaries associated with degradation, especially with such fine

physiognomy, could be identified if sufficient fieldwork and ground control are

done. The area showing positive identification was associated with a distinct

topography which probably aided identification. Extrapolation, with sufficient

ground control, is expected to be positive but at present the complete picture

cannot be obtained. This research has been reviewed by a number of research

workers and the popular press. There is some disagreement over the exact

boundary drawn although the invasionary trend is agreed by all. This problem

will be settled with the completion of the present project in 1974. Secondly,

although agriculturalists were aware of this vegetation change ERTS imagery has

high-lighted the problem. An evaluation of revenue lost and the amount of money

it will cost to prevent encroachment cannot be readily estimated, but if

degradation carries on at its present rate the revenue loss will be maximal. It

is only from a synoptic view of these threatened areas as given by ERTS that the

vegetation patterns can be readily observed and brought to the notice of

Agricultural Planners. Infrared coloured lithoprints are not available for this

area yet, but evidence of degraded areas in the Tugela River Valley suggests

that this medium may help in identifying this boundary more positively.

Ref ID : 1003

1161. Jarman, N.G. An investigation into the boundaries of the evergreen forests

and other vegetation types of the eastern Cape. In: To assess the value of

satellite imagery in resource evaluation on a national scale. Special Report.

edited by Malan, O.G.Pretoria:CSIR, 1973,p. 61-72.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; EASTERN CAPE; FOREST; SAVANNA;

GRASSLAND

Notes : The conclusions of this study were as follows: (1) From an entirely

vegetational aspect, ERTS imagery cannot be used to give definite boundaries,

but is a useful tool to formulate ideas about the vegetation and to assist

considerably the boundary mapping of pre-investigated areas of sizes

approximately 20 000 hectares in extent (2) This particular image gives a

synoptic view of an area, a portion of which has, in the past, been mapped in

detail, and which has been studied briefly by the investigator. This portion

acted as truth site information, and from there it was possible to extrapolate

certain hue characteristics and interpret them in terms of vegetation, these

were checked on airphotos at a 1:36 000 scale. (3) Extrapolation was found to

be difficult as the physiognomic variation of most of the area is limited, being

of a thorn savanna type with varying degrees of trees and shrub. This resulted

in comparatively few categories. However, on a regional basis it is important

that this large area, termed 'Wooded Grassland' or Grassy Woodland, can be

recognised and separated from predominantly grassland and dense vegetation such

as Forest and Shrub. (4) The locality of the major forests has been known, but

their boundaries have never been accurately mapped at a regional level. This

was done with comparative ease. (5) The boundary between pure, well-managed

grass and the savanna types is clear, in the case of the "Dohne Sourveld' grass

phase and the major invading savanna types of Valley Bushveld, but the

boundaries between grassveld and the thornveld in different cirucmstances, as in

the area west of King Williams Town are somewhat arbitrary. Extrapolation by

using ERTS imagery alone is not reliable. (6) The separation of succulent

shrub types and forests due to their different hue saturations is useful and

some confidence can be placed on the interpretation. (7) An unsolved problem

was the separation of natural evergreen forest from planted exotic forest

plantations. (8) This image highlights the problems of land utilisation in the

area with the encroachment of Valley Bushveld into mismanaged areas, which may

vary according to the demographic patterns involved. Many hue variations

reflect agricultural practices.

Ref ID : 388

1162. Jeeves, A.H. and Crush, J. White farm black labour. The state and

agrarian change in southern Africa: 1910-1950, Pietermaritzburg:University of

Natal Press, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POLITICAL ASPECTS; COMMUNAL AREA; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLICY;

ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Ref ID : 773

1163. Johnson, P.A. Veld degeneration associated with an increase in Aristida

junciformis (Trin. et Rupr.) dominant communities: a literature review. Working

Paper No.25.Anonymous Anonymous Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources,

University of Natal. :1-13, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; GRAZING EFFECTS; VELD MANAGEMENT

Ref ID : 697

1164. Johnson, P.A. Veld degeneration associated with an increase in Aristida

junciformis dominant communities. Final report to the National Programme for

Environmental Sciences. Terrestrial Ecosystem Section 32. Investigational Report

39.Anonymous Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources, University of

Natal. IR 39:i-32, 1989. Current literature relating to the problem of veld

degradation associated with Aristida junciformis Trin et Rupr. was reviewed and

a new approach to the problem proposed. The response of laboratory-grown A.

junciformis roots to aluminium (A1) was examined. It was shown that A.

junciformis germinates readily but is a slow grower. Roots of A. junciformis

were able to withstand high concentrations of soluble A1, levels at which Zea

mays L. would be very severely affected. Typical ultrastructural symptoms of A1

toxicity were present, but at a low level. An unusual pattern of secretory

vesicle production by the Golgi apparatus was noted which may give valuable

clues as to the physiology of A1-tolerant plants and stress-tolerant plants in

general. A field trial, examining the possible effects of several quantifiable

soil factors on the population dynamics of A. junciformis, was conducted.

Results suggested that the success of A. junciformis is due more to the poor

nutrient status of the soil than to the direct effects of the availability and

abundance of soluble A1. It was suggested that low levels of available

phosphorus (P) and high percentages of clay coupled with unusually low total

action counts and nutrient deficiency may act synergistically with the acid

nature of the soil to favour A. junciformis.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KWAZULU NATAL; GRASSLAND; VELD CONDITION; VEGETATION CHANGE;

POPULATION

Notes : This is a literature review, concerning the following issues: a

description of Aristida junciformis; the distribution of Aristida junciformis;

veld degeneration due to Aristida junciformis and its damaging effect on

agriculture in SA; the causes of veld degeneration associated with Aristida

juncifomis; management options used to counteract and reverse the spread of

Aristida junciformis; and aluminium as a factor intimated in the cause of veld

degeneration due to Aristida junciformis.

Ref ID : 1645

1165. Johnston, D., Aliber, M., and Mphafudi, L. The reorganisation of state-run

and parastatal-run agricultural projects.Anonymous Anonymous Halfway

House:Development Bank of Southern Africa. Development Paper No(136):1-27, 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; GOVERNMENT

INITIATIVES; IRRIGATION; LAND REFORM; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Ref ID : 926

1166. Johnston, P.A. and Fuggle, R.F. Variations in albedo in the southwestern

Cape Province. SA Geographer 15(1/2):37-42, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CLIMATE; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; WESTERN CAPE; FYNBOS

Abstract : Variations in albedo in the Southwestern Cape Province. Ground based

reflectivity measurements were made in January, June and November at 37 sites in

the Southwestern Cape. The results indicate that human disturbance

significantly increases surface reflectance: from a mean of 11,2% over natural

vegetation to a mean of 17,5% over disturbed sites. In undisturbed vegetation

the variation of reflectivity between veld-types was not significantly

different. The abnormally low values of reflectivity which occur over fynbos

vegetation are noted.

Ref ID : 816

1167. Jones, G.A., Brierley, S.E., Geldenhuis, S.J.J., and Howard, J.R. Research

on the contribution of mine dumps to the mineral pollution load in the Vaal

Barrage.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research Commission. 136/1/89, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY

Ref ID : 309

1168. Jones, R.I., McPhee, H.J., and Nanni, U.W. Soil loss estimation for

Southern Africa. Natal Agric.Res.Bull. (7), 1976.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION

Ref ID : 1561

1169. Jordaan, F.P. Implementation of a computerised system of assessing

rangeland condition and monitoring in a number of key grazing areas of the

western grassland biome.Potchefstroom University. :1-476, 1997. Doctorate.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MONITORING; GRASSLAND; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; VELD CONDITION; GRAZING

EFFECTS

Ref ID : 417

1170. Joubert, A. Simulations of southern African climatic change by early-

generation circulation models. Water SA 20(4):315-322, 1994.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE; MODELS; RAINFALL

Abstract : Early-generation equilibrium climate models display general agreement

concerning possible changes in surface air temperature and mean sea level

pressure for the Southern African region under doubled carbon dioxide

conditions. There is consensus amongst the models considered that the entire

region will become warmer and that tropical, subtropical and mid-latitude

circulations sytems will weaken and shift southward. Considerably less

agreement exists concerning possible changes in precipitation. Encouragingly,

though, the broad-scale features of predicted changes are in apparent agreement

with the expected circulation changes. Accordingly, northern tropical areas may

be expected to become wetter throughout the year. The summer rainfall regions

may experience wetter summers while wetter summer and drier winter conditions

are expected for the winter rainfall region for the SW Cape. However, caution

must be exercised in the interpretaion of simulated precipitation changes over

the subcontinent due to the coarse spatial resolution and simplistic

parameterisation of precipitation mechanisms used in the models.

Ref ID : 1002

1171. Joubert, A.M. Simulations of southern African climate by early generation

general circulation models. South African Journal of Science 91:85-91, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CLIMATE; CLIMATE CHANGE; MODELS; RAINFALL

Notes : The present-day performance of six early generation general circulation

models is assessed for the southern African region. The validation focuses on

the simulation of the pattern and magnitude of observed surface air

temperatures, mean sea-level pressures and precipitation. Calculated errors in

the simulation of southern African climate are generally characteristic of those

reported elsewhere for this generation of mixed-layer slab-ocean equilibrium

climate models. In each case, errors in the simulation of a particular variable

are related to the representationn in the models of physical processes important

to the region's climate. Surface air temperature simulations are sensitive to

the parameterizaton of cloud radiactive feedbacks and cumulus convection.

Accurate representation of the equator-to-pole surface pressure gradient is

strongly dependent on the inclusion of a gravity wave drag term in the

parameterization of surface stress. Convective precipitation is poorly

simulated by the coarse-resolution models considered in this analysis.

Consequently, the ability of the models to represent the pattern of rainfall

seasonality is assessed as a means of evaluating the response of rainfall

patterns to large-scale circulation changes associated with the annual cycle of

radiation. Accurate simulations of specific variables by individual models are

identified. In respect of all three variables considered, one model is shown to

provide the most accurate representation of present-day southern African

climate.

Ref ID : 1153

1172. Joubert, A.M. and Hewitson, B.C. Simulating present and future climates of

southern Africa using General Circulation Models. Progress in Physical Geography

21(1):51-78, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CLIMATE CHANGE; PALAEOENVIRONMENTS

Ref ID : 973

1173. Joubert, A.M. and Kohler, M.O. Projected temperature increases over

southern Africa due to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate

aerosols. South African Journal of Science 92:524-526, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : CLIMATE; CLIMATE CHANGE; POLLUTION; MODELS; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Notes : Two transient climate change integrations from the Hadley Centre fully-

coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model are considered. In the first

experiment, climate is forced by greenhouse gases only. In the second

experiment, the direct effects of sulphate aerosols in addition to greenhouse

gases are included. Both experiments simulate mean temperature and temperature

variability over southern Africa, during the period 1961-1990, which are not

statistically significantly different from observations. Over southern Africa,

warming predicted in the sulphate experiment for the decade during which carbon

dioxide doubled (2050-2059), expressed relative to 1990-1999, was 2.1oC, as

opposed to 3.7oC in the greenhouse gas only experiment. The rate of warming

over southern Africa for the seven decades between 1990 and 2059 was 0.47oC per

decade in the greenhouse gas and 0.3oC per decade in the sulphate aerosol

experiments. In both cases, the rate of warming over southern Africa was

greater than the global average.

Ref ID : 2275

1174. Joubert, A.M. and Mason, S.J. Droughts over southern Africa in a coubled-