Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

larger quantities of food to be produced by fewer farmers, has resulted in

production expanding faster than population growth. Having established that the

parity price ratio remained almost constant and that it has no effect on farm

size, the effect of changing factor prices on farm size was investigated. A

model is proposed and investigated, using multiple regression to investigate

this. The results showed that all measures of farm size could be used

interchangeably. Farm size was negatively related with the price of machinery

relative to farm wages and positively with the price of land relative to farm

wages, the former being significant at the 1% level in all three regressions and

the latter showing significance in two. Some relationships were found to exist

between the results found here and those in other countries. Furthermore, the

results from the three regressions show that all three measures of farm size are

equally valid and that the relative factor prices do influence farm size. In

chapter 4 the effect of resource endowment, industrialisation and factor

proporations on farm size was studied. This was done using a multiple

regression model. It was found that relative factor prices discussed in chapter

3 are directly related to factor proporations which are positively related to

farm size and showed significance at the 1% level. Industrialization also

showed a positive relationship with farm size, whereas the resource endowment

variable showed a negative relationship. The former variable was significant at

the 5% level and the latter insignificant. To establish the change in

significance of these variables during the period 1950 to 1975, the period was

divided into two periods of 13 years each, namely 1950 to 1962 and 1963 to 1975.

The relationships between the dependent and independent variables for these two

regressions were the same as for the regression in 1950 to 1975, but the

significance of the different variables changed. For the period 1950 to 1962

only the resource endowment variable showed significance, namely at the 5%

level. During the period 1963 to 1975 the resource endowment and the factor-

proportion variable showed significance. This shows that during the earlier

stages of development resource endowment is an important determinant of farm

size and that an increase factor-proportions has been an important factor

influencing farm size during the last decade or so. In many areas of the

economy it is frequently confirmed that average costs per unit produced or sold

decline as fixed costs are spread over a greater input. This means that the

small farm or firm with limited output but with certain unavoidable costs finds

itself at a disadvantage. The existence of economies of scale play a

significant role when the farmer decides whether to expand his operations. The

relationship between farm size and economic efficiency exists either because

there are economies of scale in the physical production of the farm or because

relative prices are such that cost savings result from increasing size. In a

cost analysis of dairy farms in the Natal Midlands, economies of scale were

found to exist in this type of farming. From previous studies it was found that

economies of scale do exist in agriculture and the farmer can reduce his costs

per unit of output if he increases his scale of production. Government policy

is another factor which can have the effect of increasing farm size. An attempt

is made in chapter 6 to indicate possible ways in which tax and subsidies can

influence farm size. It is usually the efficient farmer who has tax problems,

and it was shown that taxation can be avoided or postponed if he makes capital

expenditures, purchases livestock or similar transactions. These actions will

force him to expand his operations and solve his tax problem in the short-term

only, because in future financial years his income will be even greater,

consequently such actions will have a snowball effect. The two types of

subsidies discussed here with reference to their effect on farm size are food

subsidies and input subsidies. Their relative shares depend on the relative

elasticities of demand and supply for the product. The high income farmer

receives the greatest share because he produces a large quantity of the product.

This will enable the large farmer to expand his operations relatively more than

the smaller farmer, who is just able to maintain himself at a low standard of

living. In this way food subsidies may be of greater benefit to large farmers

and enable them to expand their operations. Input subsidies should be seen as a

way of promoting the optimum use of a resource where the farmer has not fully

appreciated the value of the production factor. The subsidy on fertilizer is

therefore an incentive for farmers to use more, which will in turn increase his

yield and therefore his net farm income if the value of the marginal product

exceeds the price of fertilizer.

Ref ID : 489

1742. Schultz, C.B. Integrated studies of the generation of runoff solutes and

sediment in tributary catchments of the Great Fish River.Anonymous

Pretoria:Water Research Commission. WRC Report 100/1/88, 1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; RUNOFF; SEDIMENTATION; HYDROLOGY; EASTERN CAPE; LAND

USE

Ref ID : 349

1743. Schulze, R.E. Soil loss in the key areas of the Drakensberg - a regional

application of the soil loss estimation model for southern Africa (SLEMSA). In:

Hydrology and Water Resources of the Drakensberg,Anonymous Pietermaritzberg,

South Africa:Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission, 1979,p. 149-167.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; KWAZULU NATAL

Ref ID : 348

1744. Schulze, R.E. Soil loss in the key area of the Drakensberg. Ag.Eng.in

South Africa 13:22-23, 1979.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; KWAZULU NATAL

Ref ID : 490

1745. Schulze, R.E. Hydrology and water resources of the Drakensberg. Natal Town

and regional planning report no. 42, Pietermaritzburg.Anonymous Planning Report

42, 1979.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : HYDROLOGY; KWAZULU NATAL

Ref ID : 632

1746. Schulze, R.E. The distribution of kinetic energy of rainfall in South

Africa - A first assessment. Water SA 6(2):49-58, 1980.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; RAINFALL EROSIVITY; SOUTHERN AFRICA; RAINFALL; ENERGY;

MODELS

Abstract : With considerable research effort being expended on soil loss

modelling in Southern Africa at the present time, the need has arisen for

information on the distribution of the rainfall energy input into these models.

This paper describes the derivation of rainfall kinetic energies, E, from

records of rainfall intensity at 14 stations located in a variety of rainfall

regions in South Africa. Generalized energy: rainfall relationships are

established at the monthly level of data using the Soil Loss Estimation Model

for Southern Africa (SLEMSA) equation for E and from these mean annual, summer

and winter distributions of E are mapped for the Republic.

Ref ID : 350

1747. Schulze, R.E. Estimation of storm runoff and sediment yield for selected

small dam sites in Kwa Zulu.Anonymous Pietermaritzburg, South Africa:University

of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. A.C.R.U. Report 12, 1981.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; KWAZULU NATAL; COMMUNAL AREA; SEDIMENTATION; RUNOFF

Ref ID : 1956

1748. Schulze, R.E. ACRU: background, concepts and theory. Water Research

Commission reports.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research Commission. WRC 154/1/89,

1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1901

1749. Schulze, R.E. Impacts of global climate change in a hydrologically

vulnerable region: challenge to South African hydrologists. Progress in Physical

Geography 21(1):113-136, 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CLIMATE; CLIMATE CHANGE

Ref ID : 1957

1750. Schulze, R.E., George, W.L., Lynch, S.D., and Angus, G.R. ACRU - 2: user

manual. Water Research Commission reports.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research

Commission. WRC 154/2/89, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 633

1751. Schulze, R.E., Hutson, J.L., and Cass, A. Hydrological characteristics and

properties of soils in Southern Africa 2: Soil water retention models. Water SA

11(3):129-136, 1985.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; HYDROLOGY; SOUTHERN AFRICA; MODELS

Abstract : Following definitions of three soil water retention constants, viz.

porosity, field capacity and wilting point, simplified generally applicable

water retention equations for soils in Southern Africa are given. Clay

distribution models for use with the retention equations are presented and

typical texture classes are derived form the clay distribution models for the

501 soil series identified to date in Southern Africa. Finally, a comparison

between estimated water retention constants derived by models from Southern

Africa and the USA indicates a high degree of similarity.

Ref ID : 1155

1752. Schulze, R.E., Kiker, G.A., and Kunz, R.P. Global climate change and

agricultural productivity in southern Africa. Global Environmental Change 3:330-

349, 1993.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CLIMATE CHANGE; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Ref ID : 1590

1753. Schulze, R.E., Marahaj, M., Lynch, S.D., Howe, B.J., and Melvil-Thomson,

B. South African Atlas of Agrohydrology and -Climatology, Pretoria:Water

Research Commission, 1997.pp. 1-276.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : HYDROLOGY; HYDROMETEOROLOGY; CLIMATE; DESSICATION; DROUGHT; MAPS

Ref ID : 700

1754. Schwabe, C.A. and Johnson, P.A. A resource assessment of the Qadi Tribal

Area. Report prepared for Environmental Advisory Services. Investigational

Report 43.Anonymous Pietermaritzburg:Institute of Natural Resources, University

of Natal. IR 43:i-86, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KWAZULU; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; COMMUNAL AREA; SOIL EROSION;

DEFORESTATION; MAPS; LAND USE; CONSERVATION; FORESTRY; FOREST; IRRIGATION;

CULTIVATION; AID

Notes : The terms of reference of this resource assessment were: 1) to identify

and map the major resources and land uses of the area, paying particular

attention to the water resources; 2) to determine the current uses, levels of

use and the status of the resources identified; 3) to determine the agricultural

potential and the sustainable levels of use of the land; 4) to determine which

uses are consistent/inconsistent with each other and the resources being

affected; and 5) to identify features, resources and zones of conservation

value, especially those of importance of the Qadi tribe. The study area was

shown to have a generally moderate suitability for agriculture, with most areas

only being suitable for pasture, forestry or wildlife management. Areas in the

east of the study were shown to be suitable for urban development, with most of

the QTA having a medium or low urban suitability. Although many areas of

indigenous vegetation are severely degraded, there are several areas within the

study areas which have conservation potential, namely the Amatabule plateau, the

Mzinyathi river gorge and the Showe and Thelezi forests. Key issues that were

highlighted in the study and some recommendations are as follows: (1) mixed

subsistence agriculture should be allowed to continue in the Mzinyathi catchment

adjacent to the Inanda Dam and in the far north-west of the study area on the

Inanda plateau and in suitable areas above the Umgeni river. This is an attempt

to maintain the existing life styles of the resident Qadi tribe; (2) the

potential for establishing an irrigation scheme for market gardening on the land

adjacent to the Inanda Dam should be examined; (3) the cultivation of

surgarcane, an established and economically important local land use, should be

allowed to continue on parts of the plateau north of Armstrong Hill and in the

upper reaches of the Mzinyathi catchment. Should surgarcane cease to be

cultivated in this region in the future, then suitable areas should be planted

to commercial forests or woodlots or reserved as open space; (4) the Amatabetule

plateau, Mzinyathi Falls, Mzinyathi gorge, Umgeni river valley and the

proclaimed forest reserves of Showe and Thelezi should be afforded conservation

status as Community Conservation Areas (CCA) under the management of a

recognised conservation body and should form part of an overall Environmental

Protection Plan; (5) a River Corridor Protection Plan, which would make up part

of the overall Environment Protection Plan, should be drawn up and implemented

to conserve the water resources of the area. Such a plan should include the

conservation of an area of land surrounding the headwaters of streams and strips

of land, corresponding to hydromorphic soils, along the watercourses themselves;

(6) following on from (5) no cultivation or urban development should take place

on hydromorphic soils in any watercourses within the study area; (7) areas of

land, unsuitable for agriculture, forestry or urban development and which do not

have great conservation potential be included in an Open Space System reserved

for the protection of intrinsic resources, such as soil. The Open Space System,

which would differ from the usual concept of open space for passive recreation,

would be open to variable density high resource use by the local inhabitants,

such as peri-urban settlement, grazing commonage and suitable subsistence

agriculture. Such areas include the Inanda plateau and lands to the south,

areas to the south and north of Armstrong Hill, areas between the proposed

Amatabetule/Mzinyathi river/Umgeni river CCA and the present extent of Ntuzuma

and the iGobhogobho river valley. The proposed Open Space System would form

part of the overall Environment Protection Plan; (8) an overall Recreation

Development Plan for the QTA, co-ordinating the development of the recreation

potential within the area and preservation of sites of archaeological and

historical interest, should be drawn up and implemented before any further

development proceeds. This plan would identify and subsequently avoid the

unintentional destruction or despoliation of any sites suitable for passive

recreation; (9) the earlier survey of springs and boreholds, conducted by

Davies, Lynn and Partners, be extended to include those areas not previously

covered, such as the Inanda plateau, the upper Mzinyathi catchment, the Ntuzuma

area and the area in the south of the QTA immediately above the Umgeni river;

(10) the potential for the construction of small dams in suitable sites within

the QTA should be examined, taking into consideration the technical, social and

health implications of such; (11) the Department of Development Aid should

approach the Department of Mineral Affairs about the possible occurrence of

exploitable minerals and the potential for establishing quarries in the QTA

before development proceeds; and (12) a meeting between the RSA-KwaZulu

Development Project and the Qadi tribal authorities should be held to present

and discuss the proposed land use plan with the community to be affected.

Ref ID : 351

1755. Schwartz, H.I. and Pullen, R.A. A guide to the estimation of sediment

yield in South Africa. Civ.Eng.in S.A. , 1966.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SEDIMENTATION; MAPS

Notes : Established principles have been applied to the results of reservoir

sediment surveys in order to develop a rational approach to the estimation of

silt yield in SA. Despite the inadequacy of reservoir data it was possible, on

a basis of physiography, to delineate zones on a map from which a reasonable

estimate can be made of sediment yield for any catchment in the country. Data

from sediment surveys of rivers substantiate the conclusions drawn from the

reservoir surveys.

Ref ID : 1553

1756. Schwarz, E.H.L. The desiccation of Africa: the cause and the remedy, Cape

Town:W. E. Horter & Co, 1918.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESSICATION; HYDROLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Notes : UCT ENGEO Library Accession No. SKAIFE008.

Ref ID : 1511

1757. Schwarz, E.H.L. The Kalahari or Thirstland redemption, Cape Town &

Oxford:Maskew Miller, 1933.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : NAMIBIA; DESERTIFICATION CONTROL

Ref ID : 483

1758. Scoggings, D. and Frankel, J. The air photographic record of a desertina

and dongas on the north coast, Natal, South Africa. Revue de Geomorphologie

Dynamique 11:113-118, 1960.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; KWAZULU NATAL; LAND USE

Ref ID : 2332

1759. Scoones, I. Landscapes, fields, and soils: understanding the history of

soil fertility management in southern Zimbabwe. Journal of Southern African

Studies 23:615-634, 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ZIMBABWE; LABOUR; LAND TENURE; LEGISLATION; POLICY

Abstract : Many commentators on African agriculture believe soil fertility is

declining to levels where food production can no longer be sustained, thus

spelling disaster for the future. But how accurate are these doomsday pictures?

This paper takes a more focused look at the issues of soil fertility management

using a case study from southern Zimbabwe. An historical perspective is taken

which attempts to unravel the range of factors which have influenced the changes

in soil fertility at landscape and farm levels over the past century. The story

that emerges is not one of terminal decline, but one where some areas have

increased in fertility status through active enrichment through management,

while others have declined. The role of institutions, both local and external,

in mediating the process of soil fertility change is highlighted through an

examination of the patterns of labour organisation, land tenure, government

legislation and markets and prices. The resulting story, not surprisingly, is

much more complex than the simplistic commentaries so often dominating

environmental and agricultural policy debates. The implications of this

complexity for planning and policy are briefly discussed.

Ref ID : 1821

1760. Scotcher, J.S.B. and Clarke, J.C. Effects of certain burning treatments on

veld condition in Giant's Castle Game Reserve. Proceedings of the Grassland

Society of southern Africa 16:121-127, 1981.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION

Abstract : Available above-ground standing crop, basal cover and species

composition in summer-, autumn-, and spring-burnt veld were measured. After

three biennial summer burns the veld showed a significant difference in species

composition and basal cover when compared with biennial spring-burnt veld.

Available above-ground standing crop of summer-burnt veld 18 months after

treatment was generally lower than autumn- and spring-burnt veld 17 and 11

months after burning respectively. Indications of species composition changes

from autumn-burnt veld are not conclusive at this stage due to lack of long term

treatments. The results obtained from the summer burning experiments have led to

their being discontinued.

Ref ID : 485

1761. Scotney, D. A contribution to the study of problems in the Drakensberg

conservation area. Science Bulletin (224), 1951.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; KWAZULU NATAL; EROSION CONTROL

Ref ID : 484

1762. Scotney, D. Soil erosion in Natal. Paper presented to the Wildlife Society

of Southern Africa Symposium on Agriculture and Environmental Conservation,

Durban. 1978.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; KWAZULU NATAL

Ref ID : 1958

1763. Scotney, D. The interrelationship between soil erosion, sediment transport

and the living environment. Proceedings of the Water Research Commission

workshop: the interrelationship between soil erosion, sediment transport and the

living environment.Anonymous Pretoria: 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EROSION

Ref ID : 1257

1764. Scotney, D.M. Advances in soil conservation and land use planning in

Southern Africa 1953-1978. In: Soil Science Society of Southern Africa,Anonymous

Pietermaritzburg:Department of Agricultural Technical Services, 1978,p. 102-111.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; SOIL EROSION; EROSION; SOIL CONSERVATION;

CONSERVATION; LAND USE; EROSION CONTROL

Abstract : Widespread soil erosion gave initial impetus to soil conservation

programmes and land use planning but other objectives have become important.

The recent upsurge in pedological interest has led to impressive achievements

including development of the South African system of soil classification and

many soil surveys. Failure to interpret soil information for various users is

noted as an important limitation. Despite much progress in soil conservation,

degradation by erosion remains serious threat in all Southern African countries.

There is urgent need for erosion control research and the creation of greater

public awareness in conservation matters. Land use planning at both farm and

regional level has recieved much attention but the poor implementation of plans

requires attention. Ecological principles and modern techniques are widely used

in planning for multi-use objectives. The future holds many challenges for the

soil scientist. Several important needs are listed to improve the conservation

and land use planning.

Ref ID : 1306

1765. Scotney, D.M. Soil erosion in Natal 1978.Anonymous Anonymous

Natal:Department Agricultural Technical Services. :1-19, 1978.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION

Ref ID : 352

1766. Scotney, D.M. Soil erosion in Natal. Paper presented to Symposium on

Agriculture and Environmental Conservation. 1978.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; KWAZULU NATAL; EROSION; EROSION CONTROL; SOIL

CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION; LAND USE; POPULATION