Component 8 Research & Innovation Colleges
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Remediation strategies Waterborne diseases and water contamination continue to be a significant threat to public health in many parts of the world. One of the greatest challenges currently faced by Governments and NGOs, as identified in Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals, is how to deliver “sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation” to the significant proportion of the world's population whom are currently without access to reliable, clean and safe water sources. A wide range of pollutants originate from industrial and domestic sewage and contaminate the river and ground water bodies. Among various pollutants, PPCPs and Pharmaceutical Active Components (PhACs) are a diverse group of chemicals including all human and veterinary drugs, dietary supplements, other consumer products, including fragrances, topical agents such as cosmetics and sunscreens, laundry and cleaning products. These chemicals enter into the environment as pollutants in a variety of ways including excretion by humans and domestic animals, intentional disposal of unneeded PPCPs (flushing), bathing or swimming, discharge from municipal sewage systems or private septic systems. Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) receive a large spectrum of contaminants from domestic and/or industrial wastewater, which are not completely eliminated during treatment processes. Therefore, from WWTP outlets a complex mixture of contaminants including both partially eliminated wastewater contaminants and their metabolites are finally discharged into rivers. In India, many cities and towns lack proper sewage treatment facilities and thus domestic sewage is directly released in to the adjacent lands and water bodies. This leads deterioration of environmental and human health as number of research studies have evidenced the deleterious impacts of xenobioticson the environmental health. A sustainable solution is an urgent need of currently in order to remove or degrade these pollutants from the environment. PPCPs are emerging contaminants in the environment that have drawn serious concerns because of their ubiquitous presence in wastewater, biosolids, river water, and drinking waterand their potential adverse effects on non-target organisms and humans. The most common PPCPs detected are antibiotics, antimicrobials, antiseptics, detergents, flame retardants and pesticides. These PPCPs correlate with high COD of wastewater. Although some PPCPs such as ibuprofen are readily degraded under most studied conditions and many others such as atorvastatin, diclofenac, carbamazepine, triclosan, triclocarbon, etc., tend to be recalcitrant. This variation in the biodegradability of PPCPs can be attributed to structural differences. Most PPCPs have halogen substitutions, which resist the microbial degradation of PPCPs. Hence an efficient treatment method for complete degradation of PPCPs is essential. Several methods including photochemical, biological and enzymatic methods have been studied for degradation of xenobiotics. However, photochemical methods generate more toxic undesirable compounds such as dioxin from triclosan and moreover they are impractical. Incomplete degradation in biological and enzymatic methods was observed which might be due to halogenated nature of the PPCP compounds. Halogenated compounds known to be recalcitrant to degradation. Thus, for complete degradation of those compounds, preceding dehalogenation is essential. Nano zero valent iron technology (nZVI) has been demonstrated as a promising method for dehalogenation of halogenated compounds. It has been realized that the use of nZVI significantly improvesthe reaction rates for pollutant removal on account of the high surface area to volume ratio of the nanoparticles. However, i omplete pollutants ete urce andt has been observed by number of studies that, although the nZVI based processes (dehalogenation) are efficient, they are unable to remove the contaminants completely. Despite the usefulness of nZVI, its effect on the ecosystem is another serious concern because a number of laboratory studies confirmed the bactericidal effect of nZVI in pure cultures. However, the effect of nZVI on wastewater and environmental microbial community is still not clear and needs to be investigated in detail. A strategy using nano-bio hybrid method could be a novel and useful strategy for complete degradation of halogenated xenobiotics. Preliminary studies have been performed by the PIs on nano-bio (nFe-Pd/Bacteria) hybrid treatment for rapid and complete degradation of triclosan, an antimicrobial compound and dioxin precursor. This study suggests that this “nano-bio” hybrid strategy can be applied for degradation of other halogenated PPCPs and wastewater treatment. Thus, the aim of this proposal is to develop a novel in-situ synergistic nano-bio hybrid treatment for complete mineralization of halogenated PPCPs compounds from wastewater and evaluated the impact of nZVI on wastewater microbial structure and function. The proposed research would allow exploration of many fundamental aspects in this new class of pollutants such as levels, fate, bioaccumulation, and toxicity studies. The fruitful outcome of the project will be useful to establish a remediation programme for PPCPs contaminated water. More particularly, this investigation will be useful for sewage treatment facilities in managing sludge. Implementation of the proposed strategy would reduce release of PPCPs into the aquatic system. Currently, many Indian cities lack proper facilities for sewage treatment process and it is highly likely more and more number of sewage treatment plants would be constructed leading to generation of enormous amount of sludge. Therefore, the proposed project will have a significant practical values in terms of mitigating environment and energy issues.
Textiles is the 2nd largest employment generating industries in India. But, it also discharges enormous amounts of wastewaters to the environment. Production of Cleaner environment as well as sustainable technologies are the need of the hour. Textile Wastewater Treatment with Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs) is one the methods that could be adopted by textile industries for zero discharge of liquid effluents to the environment. Eco-friendly Technologies One of the important eco-friendly technologies is energy from waste. This includes various branches. Among them microbial fuel cells are emerging as an important field for energy production form waste. Also biodiesel from microalgae utilizing industrial wastes is also a promising field. Microbial fuel cells The technology can be applied on to textile effluents for energy production. India is one of the leading countries in textile industries in the world. Though being predominantly unorganized industry, even a few years back, the scenario started changing after the economic liberalization of Indian economy in 1991. The opening up of economy gave the much-needed thrust to the Indian textile industry, which has now successfully become one of the largest in the world. Tamil Nadu textile city Tirupur, is an Indian textile city which constitutes 720 dyeing units and many bleaching units situated in the upstream of Noyyal river and ranks topmost in terms of generating hazardous waste. The industrial pollution has affected not only the surface water but also the soils and ground water. Every day, the textile industry uses 90 million liters of water and discharges 87 million liters of wastewater into a dry riverbed, from where it percolates into the underground water system. Waste stream generated in this industry is essentially water-based effluent generated from various activities of wet processing of textiles.Hence there is a need to make an attempt to utilize the wastewater generated from preparatory processes such as desizing process and dyeing processes for electricity generation using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs). This concept is a novel, sustainable and pioneer endeavor to utilize the wastewater for both electricity production as well as wastewater treatment. Bioremediation of industrial effluents by microalgae. Pioneering developmental work in the 1950s by Oswald led to the concept of using microalgae to clean wastewater and produce biomass for bioenergy. India is the sixth largest and one of the fastest growing energy consumers in the world due to raising population and consumption power of India. The population in India is expected to increase from 1.13 billion in 2005 to 1.66 billion by 2050 with corresponding increases in the use of freshwater and production of wastewater. It is estimated that about 29,000 million litres/day of domestic and 15,500 MLD of industrial wastewater is generated in India and it is steeply increasing. Large quantities of industrial wastewater are generated in India from farming, steel plants, pulp and paper plants, distilleries, cotton plants, and other food-processing and chemicals. The ability to cultivate microalgae using industrial effluent/wastewater and the use of the resulting biomass for bioenergy purposes therefore makes environmental and economic sense for India. The use of microalgae to clean wastewater either involves a single strain or a mixture of microalgae cultivated with bacteria that succeed in natural ambient conditions. The resulting biomass can be used for a number of bioenergy purposes; currently the most economic route is via anaerobic digestion to produce methane, although biodiesel (derived from microalgae lipids), bioethanol/butanol (derived from microalgae polysaccharides) or bio-oil (from for example high temperature liquefaction) also have potential CO2 Sequestration by microalgae In the contemporary scenario, increase in mechanized transportation and mass industrialization have resulted in over-consumption of fossil fuels. From the perspective of environment, combustion of fossil fuels is one of the major contributors of CO2 emission and results in atmospheric pollution, which in turn leads to global warming. Long been microalgae are looked at as a suitable source of alternatives for efficient CO2mitigators. In spite of the remarkable advantages, commercially viable large-scale algal production has yet to be achieved. As per the scientific reports, One hectare of algal farm will fix 400 metric tons of CO2. The proposed research is aimed primarily at selecting suitable isolate tolerating high CO2concentrations (bicarbonate tolerant forms) with high specific growthratesand to demonstrate the efficacy of microalgae-based carbon sequestration in large scale raceway cultivation systems and to utilize the biomass for value added products. The principal research activities will be focused on large scale demonstration on the ability of selected species of microalgae to effectively fix carbon from excess CO2supply.
Biofouling is a serious problem to ships, boats and mariculture worldwide. The prevention of fouling on mariculture structures is complicated by the choice of net material and the dangers of toxins to cultured species. Hence, environmental concerns lead to develop new antifouling paints. Our approach consists in carrying out this kind of coating by an economic way. This work is aimed relating to the synthesis of certain antifouling paints. The goal of our work is indeed to develop heavy metal nanoparticles based antifouling paints with polymer matrix by laboratory methods with conventional field testing. It is one of the most promising methods offered by the development of antifouling coatings. Hence this study will be on synthesis and characterisation of new antifouling paints by different spectral techniques. The current ban on the application of conventional tin-based antifouling compounds has accelerated the research to seek for less toxic alternatives. In the current study, we are proposing a simple experimental approach (synthesis the bimetallic nanoparticles and dissolving the polymer in a solvent or in a blend of solvents and then homogenizing the solution with the polymer) to generate monolithic coatings that are expected to result in the desired slow-controlled release of the antifouling nanomatrial. This experimental approach is termed as the “solvent-assisted blending technique”. Gas Sensor for environmental safety The application of gas sensors is witnessed in various fields such as Environmental monitoring, process control industries, boiler control, fire detection, alcohol breath tests, detection of harmful gases in mines, home safety, and Grading of agro-products like coffee and spices. These gas sensors are chemicals that measure the concentration of gas in its vicinity. Gas sensor interacts with a gas to measure its concentration. Each gas has a unique breakdown voltage i.e. the electric field at which it is ionized. Sensor identifies gases by measuring these voltages. The concentration of the gas can be determined by measuring the current discharge in the device. Some of the gas sensors are not eco-friendly and user-friendly. Many of them are not available to common man. Therefore, there is need for robust, versatile and economic senor for the purpose of gas monitoring. Mainly, the present project will help to identify highly enhanced room temperature gas sensors to overcome the problem such as firing due to higher operating temperature. Further, the sensor devices will be made available for common man. Conservation and Management of Resources Cataloguing of beneficial microorganisms by DNA Barcoding. DNA barcoding has become a justifiable tool for the assessment of global biodiversity patterns and it can allow diagnosis of known species to nontaxonomists. Asia is a region of high diversity but relatively poor documentation of that diversity. DNA barcoding is an obligatory tool for species detection and specimen identification. Using standardized identification method is very advantageous for mapping of all the species on Earth. In India, research on microbial DNA barcoding is yet very limited and still it is in infancy. DNA Barcoding is not only useful for identification of bacterial diseases both in plants and in animals but also useful in the cataloguing of beneficial microbial diversity in the soil, helpful for developing consortia for enhancing the soil health and crop productivity. DNA barcoding has many applications in various fields like preserving natural resources, protecting endangered species, controlling agriculture pests, identifying disease vectors, monitoring water quality, authentication of natural health products and identification of medicinal plants. Conservation of plants India has rich vegetation with a wide variety of plants, because of the extreme variations in geographical and climatic conditions prevailing in the country. Plants have been used since ancient times for the treatment of various ailments. The traditional systems of medicine together with folklore systems continue to serve a large portion of the population, particularly in rural areas, in spite of the advent of the modern medicines. Out of about 15,000 species of higher plants in India, medicinal uses have been attributed to 1500 species. Ethnobotany tries to study the relationship between humans and nature. Ethnic people are highly knowledgeable about the plants and their medicinal values. This knowledge is passed through oral communication from generation to generation. Over the last century, ethnobotany has evolved into a specific discipline that looks at the people–plant relationship in a multidisciplinary manner, such as ecology, economic botany, pharmacology, public health and other disciplines as needed. Today according to the World Health Organization (WHO) as many as 80% of the world’s people depend on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare needs. Traditional medical practices are an important part of the primary healthcare system in the developing world. Herbal medicines are comparatively safer than synthetic drugs. Plant-based traditional knowledge has become a recognized tool in search for new sources of drugs and neutraceuticals. The entire Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats is known for its biodiversity, richness and endemism of different species. Even though, the plant species known to be from the Western Ghats is about 4500 species out of which 35 percent are endemic. It makes an ideal ground for the luxurious growth of plants with therapeutic value. Therefore, collection and cultivation of such species and the conservation of their genetic traits by genetic engineering and tissue culture techniques is now gaining importance. Plant tissue culture (PTC) technology cultivation also opens up the possibility of using biotechnology to solve problems that are inherent in the production of herbal medicines. These include species phenotypic changes due to environmental conditions, misidentification, mutation, genetic instability of extracts, toxic components and contaminants. Integrated Farming Many countries all over the world practice the integrated farming system.The integrated farming system was once the backbone of all agricultural production systems. Recently there is a gradual separation and specialization of production systems in the western world. Almost all arable land through North America and Europe is now intensively and extensively cropped and livestock production separated and intensified. According to Chan (2006), the integrated farming system has revolutionized conventional farming of livestock. Integrated Farming System (IFS) can be summarized as:
Women Empowerment Enclave Introduction While concerns with women’s empowerment have their roots in grassroots mobilizations of various kinds, feminist scholars helped to move these concerns onto the gender and development agenda. Their contributions drew attention to the unequal power relations which blocked women’s capacity to participate in, and help to influence, development processes and highlighted the nature of the changes that might serve to promote this capacity at both individual and collective level. Women empowerment is the vital instrument to expand women’s ability to have resources and to make strategic life choices. But, Indian societies have received notoriety for being unsafe for women. In fact, the level of atrocities against women is an indicator of the coercion of our society and underscores that we are a suppressed society. Clearly, safety is an obsolete word in today’s India. In India, women are devalued traditionally and the men are normative reified. The history of women’s studies in India has had an indigenous growth. It has emerged more as an offshoot of the concern of the society towards women’s position and problems. Gender refers to the social relationship/roles and responsibilities of men and women, the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and masculinity) that are learned, change over time and vary within and between cultures. Gender equality is achieved when women and men enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all sectors of society, including economic participation and decision-making, and when the different behaviours, aspirations and needs of women and men are equally valued and favoured. Components of women empowerment
Need for Women Empowerment Enclave (wee) Though there are a plethora of institutions/organizations working on Gender Concerns, no holistic outcome can be identified for the State, as the research and outreach activities are fragmented disconnected and scattered far between.Therefore, based on the available resources and present needs, the proposal has been designed based on multiple scientific platforms to serve the society. Establishment of supercomputing facility The importance of supercomputing is facility is experienced nationwide through GARUDA GRID. However, such facility is required at state level to foster research and education. Therefore the is need for super computing facility with high performance clusters (hpc) and cloud computing for research, academics and egovernance in higher education The project is aimed to establish a state wide facility namely Tamil Nadu State Super Computing Cloud in order for Delivery of Academic and eGovernance Services in Higher Education towards Digital State and Smarter Tamil Nadu through SMAC (Social networking, Mobile computing, big data Analytics and Cloud Computing) methodologies
Research fields Involved Big Data Analysis, Data Mining, Network Optimization, Security (Cloud and Data), Knowledge Management, Modeling and Simulation, Services Oriented Computing, Information Retrieval 3) Credibility (experience and expertise) of persons involved: Specification of PIs and Co-PIs and their scholarship in the concerned area, credibility of other researchers involved. The credibility has been provided along with the achievement of the research team. 4) Definition and significance/value of research outputs/deliverables-reports/papers, product/patent, software/translation to state/national policy framework Deliverables
5) Clarity of aims, objectives and research questions The prime goal of the proposal is to provide momentum to accomplish Environmental and Societal Development in Tamil Nadu through knowledge networking approache via objectives such as a) Ecological restoration for sustained environmental health, b)Establishment of Women Empowerment in Environmental health and c) Super Computing facility for research, academics and e-governance in Higher Education
PHASE I
PHASE II
PHASE III
6) Methodology – innovativeness/originality and soundness/rigour All the methods discussed were partially/fully tested in the laboratory of specific Universities.
BDU – Bharathidasan University; BU – Bharathiar University; ANU – Annamalai University; ALU – Alagappa University; PU – Periyar University, UM –University of Madras, MSU – ManonmaniamSundaranar University; MTWU – Mother Teresa Women’s University The project has been divided into sub disciplines in order to effectively carryout the work. Few are explained below 6.1Assessment of landscape ecological features using remote sensing and GIS Rationale Landscape ecology is the study on the composition, structure and function of landscapes. It combines the biophysical and analytical approaches to study diverse interacting patches or ecosystems, ranging from relatively natural terrestrial and aquatic systems such as forests, grasslands, and lakes to human-dominated environments including agricultural and urban settings. Further, the study necessitates the coupling between biophysical and socioeconomic sciences. Steps involved The following approaches are to be followed to study the landscape ecology of Pachamalai hills
The base map of Pachamalai Reserve Forest to be prepared using Survey of India toposheets such as 58I/7, 58I/11, 58I/12, and 58I/15 on a scale of 1:50000. The toposheets collected will be scanned and upload in GIS platform for geo-referencing process. After geo-referencing, geo-databases will be developed. Ground control points measured using global positioning system with reference to SOI topo sheets to be used for geo-referencing process. Base map includes the basic information and thematic maps such as drainage, forest type, vegetation density, land use/ land cover will be prepared. For the preparation of slope map, geometrically corrected image will be used as input. Elevation is important for identifying constraints and evaluating potential environmental impacts related to landform alteration. Major constraints can be tied to grades or inclination that is either too steep or too gentle. Furthermore, it plays major role in water resource potential and biological richness.
The forest cover will be classified using visual image interpretation technique. Visual interpretation of satellite imagery will be prepared using elements such as colour, shape, size, pattern, texture, resolution and association to classify the broad forest cover areas. Each image will be cropped to study area by cropping method. The study area has been extracted using satellite imagery. Based on the images, forest vegetation classes, evergreen forest, semi evergreen forest, dry evergreen forest, thorn forest and dry mixed deciduous forest, non forest area and wasteland will be prepared.
Based on visual image interpretation, technique will be perform for Land use/Land cover classes of multi-dated satellite imageries in the study area. The satellite images projected to polyconic coordinate system using nearest neighbourhood resampling method and radiometrically corrected will be using ArcGIS 10.1.Using visual interpretation, change in LU/LC satellite image will be detected. The image interpretation result data is carried out to the field for further confirmation by ground truth verification. 6.2Xenobioticscharacterization The priority list of chemicals to be monitored includes pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Various protocols are available to seperate these chemicals from enviormental (air, water, soil, humus, etc.) and biological (wildlife, food, human –blood, urine) samples which follow the common sequence illustrated below. Well established methodologies available in Indian publications including many of ours, to carryout the monitoring The steps includes sample collection, storage, extraction, analysis and interpretation of data. 6.3Remediation of Xeonbiotics Selection of study sites and collection of samples The cities and towns located along the stretch of River Cauvery are prone to anthropogenic activities. A large numbers of small and large industries scale industries exist in these region and they release the wasterwater, and also the untreated sewage is discharged into the river. Therefore, Salem, Erode, Karur, Namakkal districts areas and along its stretch would receive higher quantity of PPCPs pollutants and would be appropriate for sampling. In addition sampling points far from city where the river encounters no sewage or industry wastewater will be chosen as background and comparative study. Collection of sewage, water, and sediments samples will be done periodically in due course of time according to the standardized protocol which would adhere the objective of the investigation. Samples will be immediately transported to the laboratory, stored or processed for further extraction of PPCPs compounds. Analysis of PPCPs profile in different matrices Wastewater samples will be extracted via Soxhelet apparatus or pressurized fluid extraction according to Davis et al. (2012). The samples will be then loaded onto Sep-Pak Plus Silica solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. PPCPs will be analyzed through the HPLC-DAD detector/GC/GC-MS. Quality control measures in terms of LOD, LOQ, and replicate analysis will also be performed to get reliable and reproducible data set in terms of precision and accuracy. Preparation of metal nanoparticles for PPCPs degradation and adoption Dehalogenation of PPCPs is essential for effective degradation halogenated PPCPs without accumulating toxic byproducts. Since the PPCPs are poorly biodegraded under anaerobic system, a rapid dehalogenation method will be adopted as previously developed by the Principal Investigator for aqueous system (Murugesan et al., 2011). As nano zero valent iron (nZVI or nFe) technology is being used for reductive dehalogenation of halogenated pollutants. In addition, the use of bimettalic nanoparticles (Fe/Pd/ Fe/Ag, Fe/Cu, Fe/Ni etc) has more advantages to improve the dehalogenation rate (Kim et al., 2008; He et al., 2009; Murugesan et al., 2011). nZVI and various bimetallic nanoparticles will be synthesized and characterized. ZVI nanoparticles and bimetallic nano-particles will be synthesized according to the previous report (Murugesan et al 2011). Magnetic iron nanoparticles silica, titania, silica-titania nanoparticles will be synthesized for adsorption and non-biodegradable PPCPs. Nanoparticles synthesized will be characterized by well-established methods such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Surface area (BET) etc. Nano-catalyst and adsorbents based novel strategies will be used developed as outlined in Phase II. Nano-Bioremediation of PPCPs To determine the efficiency of the nano-bio remediation, nZVI and bimetallic nanoparticles (Fe/Pd, Fe/Ni/ Fe/Ag etc) will be mixed with sediment with or without addition of dehalogenating microbes. PPCPS dechlorination will be conducted in small scale reactor anaerobically (He et al., 2010). Rate of dechlorination, dehalogenase activity will be monitored with and without addition of metal nanoparticles. The microbial activity of the anaerobic community will be monitored by measuring the enzyme activity of Dehalogenase, dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO) in river sediments, which will reveal the enhancing or diminishing effects of metal nanoparticles in river sediments during nano remediation. Based on the results, suitable nanoparticles will be chosen for the further remediation studies and its impact on environmental microbes. The effect of electron donors to improve the dehalogenation activity and surfactants to release the bound PPCPs will be evaluated. Setting up the reactor for microbial biodegradation Based on the conditions optimized in the Phase II, anaerobic digestion of sludge will be treated in bench scale batch reactor (10 L). Comparatively, sludge treatment will be done in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR 10 L operating volume) for the recovery of biogas and debromination of PBDEs. The rational to choose CSTR reactor is to control the organic loading rate, loading of inoculum, and nanomaterial. The batch and CSTR reactors will be fabricated according to the previous study (Girault et al., 2012) reported for biogas production from activated sludge. Debrominationkinetics, and biogas analysis will be done as described in Phase I and II. Bioreactor experiments will be conducted to understand the impact of PPCPs on microbial communities and fate of PPCPs in anaerobic-aerobic sequential reactors using nano adsorbents, immobilized microbes and immobilized enzymes will be developed. Physicochemical properties of water quality, PPCPs concentrations, and microbial diversity by using Real-time quantitative PCR will be evaluated. The bioreactors will be monitored regularly over a period time for degradation kinetics (Murugesan 2011).
Sludge is very highly complex matrix and various microbes exist in it. Therefore, analysis of the total and specific function microbes are necessary during anaerobic treatment of the sludge using “nano-bio” strategy in order to assess the impact of PBDEs, nZVI particles used in the “nano-bio” treatment process. Dehalococcoides species are responsible for the reductive dehalogenation of an impressive range of common, persistent environmental contaminants. Methanogens are responsible for production of methane. Total microbial communities, Dehalococcoides, and Methonogens will be quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Dehalococcoides, microbial activity will be quantified as described by (Cupples et al., 2008). The changes in total bacterial community will be quantified by Qauntitave-PCR monitored by PCR-DGGE (Abbassi-Guendouz et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2013). DNA will be extracted from control and treated sludge using the soil Power Soil genomic DNA extraction kit. PCR will be performed using 16S rRNA gene primers, and DGGE analysis will be performed by the DCode Universal Mutation Detection System. The DGGE bands will be excised from the gel, and DNA will be eluted and sequenced. The intensity of anaerobic microbial populations such as homoacetogens and, hydrogenotrophic methanogens will be determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using group specific oligonucleotide probes as described previously (Feng et al., 2013). Quantification methanogenic microbial community will be performed by real-time quantitative PCR as reported by Song et al. (2010).
6.5Coastal Zone Management practice To conduct extensive in-situ and remote sensing based studies on sediment transport system along the coast. Waves and tides at the critical erosion prone areas of the Tamil Nadu and measurement of water discharges in the live estuaries of the State will be studied. Shore line change will be studied at decadal scale using high resolution satellite data and on time RTK-GPS survey for high resolution shore line data as reference. Shore line changes are always associated with sediment transport process alone the coast line. Monitoring Suspended Sediment Concentration along the coast so as to understand the sediment transport process in the coast will be done by developing regional bio-optical algorithm and validated for its accuracy. In situ measurements of all the parameters related to physical, chemical and biological parameters will be made by following the JEGOFS (1994) protocol. Remote sensing data analysis and models will be developed based on the Space Application Centretime to time guidelines and protocols. Hard engineering or soft biological (mangrove and seagrass restoration) shore line protection models will be tested and site specific solutions will be provided. 6.6 Antifouling coatings using nanoparticles a) Materials The following transition metallic salts, polymers to be chosen for the study: Metals – Cu, Zn, Sn, W, Mo, Ni, Cr, Mn, etc., Polymers - Different acrylic, epoxy resins, silicones to be used b) Preparation of bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) The proposed method is based on reduction of metal salts. MNPs size will be controlled by the relationship of reducing agent/metal salts. Bimetallic nanoparticles obtained by chemical methods - Nanoparticles mixed directly with the polymers in solution. These nanoparticles will be conjugated with the polymers by mixing directly with the NPs. c) Techniques for characterization of nanoparticles The nanoparticles will be characterized by the following techniques: UV-Visible, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, FTIR, DSC and XRD. d)Preparation of antifouling paints: Paints to be prepared by dissolving the nano antifouling resins (~25 parts) in suitable solvent (~65 parts) and adding titanium dioxide (~10 parts). Then the experimental nano antifouling paints and a non-coated PVC sheet or non-coated glass plates are immersed in the sea water during one month and to be analysing the microbiological activities.Antifouling coatings to be applied either mechanically by spray mist, airless spray, or electrostatically or by hand with a roller or brush. Each of these methods leaves different levels of patterned roughness in the finished coating. e) Antifouling analysis: The new nano antifouling paints are coated in the PVC sheet or glass plates then immersed in the sea water during one month and to be analysing the microbiological activities. 6.7Sustainable integrated farming system
We are planning to integrate the three dimensions wet land, dry land and garden land) of the SIFS. Our plan is to establish an integrated farm which has the ability to fulfill its need by its own. Which means the products or the wastage of one unit will be utilized by another, so there are no more external products to take care. We planned to have Livestock, Poultry, Fishery, Sericulture and Vermiculture and Agro Units in our farm. In Livestock Unit we are going to have indigenous Goat(Kanniaadu and kodiaadu)and Sheep (Trichy black and Ramnad white) species of TamilnaduFrom this unit we can get milk and meat which have more economical value today. We planned to follow the KottilMuraiAaduValarppu method, which was suggested by TNAU. The waste Products from the Goat farm will be sent to the vermiculture unit where it will convert into manure. Not only Livestock Unit, waste products of all other units will be collected and sent to the Vermiculture unit where it get digested and become as manure. The reared Earthworms will be fed to the Poultry and to the fishery units. Perionyxexcavatusspp will be used in vermiculture. This Vermicompost manure will be sent to the Agro unit where the Fodders (Cofs, Co45, Agathi) and Mulberry plants (Morus alba andMorusindica) will be cultivated. The cultivated plants will be given to the Livestock and Poultry unit as feed. The Mulberry leaves reared from the Agro unit will be given to the Silkworm larvae (Bombyxmori), where the Sericulture takes place. The Cocoons were reared from the Sericulture unit. After separation of cocoons the larvae will be given to the Poultry and the Fishery units as animal supplement. The poultry unit (Aseel, kadaknath, murgi, Giriraja) will be placed on the top of the pond which allows the droppings of the birds to fall inside the pond, which will be taken as food by the fishes (Catla, Rohu, Mirgal, and Catfish) inside the pond. In fish pond Azolla will be cultivated, which will be food for Fishery, Poultry, and Goat units. The surplus amount of water will be sent to the Agro field where it will be beneficial for the plants. Waste water from the hostels was collected in percolation tank and it will be treated by biological process, later it will allow to collect in the fish pond. Vermicompost is good organic manure when we compare than other manure.While preparing the vermicompost people are using the cow dung. Cow dung has low nitrogen content compare than goat feces. Since the goat feces have more nitrogen content than cow dung it will be more effective in production of biogas. By using the waste products of livestock unit biogas will be produced from the biogas unit.
Fodder tree species were planted in specified interval and in between the spaces Agriculture crops can be grown this method is called as tree intercropping system. In this land tree fodders can be planted in10 m gap viz., Supapul and glyciridia such trees will be planted. In this method we can get green leaves able to feed 15 to 18 sheeps will be grown up. In this method, 10 to 11 tons of green fodders can be produced.
In this method, on top of the fish pond birds shed were lined and arrange to fall the country chicken excreta into the pond and it was used as feed for fish. If poultry sheds were kept in pond bank and cultivated in cage system means every cage place the plate to collect the poultry droppings. This was used for fish feed. In direct integration method, the shed placed 1.21.5 m above from the pond upper layer. These kinds of sheds developed with low cost material with simplified one. One bird requires 1 to 2 square feet space in the shed. Integrated system provides space according to the number of birds reared.
Presently, due to low rainfall and decline in cultivable land if alternate fodder was used as feed it can reduce fodder scarcity and cost. Azolla is a chemical fertilizer free alternate fodder, which is a balanced feed for all varieties of cattles. This will be done by cement tank method. 10 feet long, 2 feet wide and 1 feet deep concrete tank spread with 2530 kg of soil with this mix 5 kg of decomposed dung, with these soils of gravel quarry or well soil @ 100g could be added. Keep the water level up to 5 cm. in this add 5 kg of Azolla within two weeks we can collect 3540 kg Azolla. Once in ten days the cow dung slurry will be added.
Practicing agriculture with livestock farming is more profitable than doing agriculture alone. In addition to goat rearing in agriculture, growers growing goats 20 to 30, per year will give minimum 40 to 50 thousand rupees as additional profit. Agroforestry and goat rearing doing together may give many benefits to the farmers. Fallow land and dry land may be exclusively used for this project. In this method, the amount of water needed is very low. In this method, from the goat dung and leaves heap decomposition used as fertilizer for agriculture, the opportunity to increase soil fertility. From fifth year onwards, get more profit from well grown tree.
The Silkworm eggs were purchased from the Tamilnadu sericulture department. After hatching of the eggs the larvae are fed with Mulberry leaves. For that the Mulberry leaves were cultivate and reared from the Agro unit. It will be given to the Silkworm larvae, where the rearing of Cocoons takes place. The Cocoons were reared from the Sericulture unit. After separation of cocoons the larvae will be given to the Poultry and the Fishery units as food. A separate house is ideal for rearing of silkworm. The rearing house should have sufficient number of windows to permit cross ventilation. Provision should be made to make it air tight for proper disinfection. Rearing house has to be built in such a way to provide optimum temperature of 26-28º c and RH of 60-70% for the growth of silkworm at minimum operational cost. Damp condition, Stagnation of air, Direct and strong drift of air, Exposure to bright sun light and radiation should be avoided. We should ensure that an equable temperature, humidity and Good ventilation inside the house.
Cavity method is a very simple method for preparation of the earthworm manure. In this method large scale vermicompost production is possible on commercial scale. In this system, long beds are prepared and grow worms and produced fertilizer. In this method, dig a pit in the dimension of 10" x 3" x 2" on a shaded and elevated surface and even extend the length up to 20 feet. Release 2000 – 2500 earth worms per square metre.
Biogas technology provides an alternative and cheap source of energy that meets the basic need for cooking fuel in rural areas. Using locally available resources such as cattle waste and other organic wastes, both manure and gas are derived. Preparation of cow-dung and cow-urine-based plant growth promoters such as panchagavya has been proved to be profitable and environmentally sound according to experts. Digester calling as fermentation tank was constructed by bricks and cement mixtures or made with available building materials. Gas gallon was made with light weight fibres. Made of polyester fiber glass, the pressure of gas in the first will be increasing in cost. But in future no need of painting and also rust free in nature. The tubes are made to carry gases should be made of Iron or black polythene. The internal diameter should not be less than 1 inch or 32 mm. Thickness should not less than 4.7 mm. Polyethylene pipes are cheaper one. Easy installation, inside house ½ inch or ¾ inch GI pipes should be used. KVIC commission authorized stoves or lamps are to be used. Its efficiency was already tested. Collect cow dung and urine of cattle and put it in mixer tank, add water and mix well and feed through inner pipe. Equal amount of cow dung slurry will be exited through outlet. Add farm waste or house dust in layer with cow dung slurry and close the fertilizer pit. 
Work stream for SIFS 6.8Conservation of endemic plants The major tasks of the isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds could be arisen from the removal of solvents, effective separation of bioactive compounds from extract matrix and the determination of sugar moieties conjugated on the bioactive compounds, including the sugar number and the conjugation sites. Removal of solvents can probably be solved by reverse phase separation, such as C18 column. The efficient separation would be accomplished by manipulation of the elution solvent conditions or selection of appropriate separation matrix. The determination of sugar moieties of bioactive compounds could be achieved by conducting two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, such as NOE and COSY. Prospective bioactive compounds will be verified by culture system and animal model. U.V. / Vis and FTIR will be applied to characterize the active compounds’ structure information and functional groups. Moreover, LC-MS/MS will be applied to characterize their molecular weight and fragments, and finally NMR techniques (such as NOE, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) will be applied to identify their structure information through the information from functional groups, molecular fragments, spin patterns, spin connectivity, and NOE enhancements. NMR experiments are carried out at 298 K on a Varian Inova 600 spectrometer using a cryoprobe, equipped with z gradients. Spectra are processed with VNMR software. Deuterated water is used as solvent. Homonuclear and heteronuclear experiments are acquired with standard pulse sequences; an appropriate ms DIPSI2 spin-lock pulse is used for TOCSY mixing, and broadband adiabatic decoupling is applied during the acquisition time of the 1H-13C HSQC experiment. The low-pass filter version of the HMBC sequence is used to attenuate one-bond correlations. We expect no difficult in the identification of active compounds. It is likely that there is more than one active compound. We will perform a series of combinations to perform the functional assay as described and the validated compound will then subject to liver fibrosis therapeutic effects. 6.8 Women Empowerment
6.9 Establishment of supercomputing facility Motivation, Expectation, Integration and Collaboration
SAMPLE SNAPSHOT – Proof of Concept 
Therefore, based on the available resources and present needs, the proposal has been designed based on multiple scientific platforms to serve the society. 7) Definition and significance/value of concrete outcomes- including
8) Inter-disciplinary/multi-disciplinary orientation and multi-institution networking BDU – Bharathidasan University; BU – Bharathiar University; ANU – Annamalai University; ALU – Alagappa University; PU – Periyar University, UM – University of Madras, MSU – ManonmaniamSundaranar University; MTWU – Mother Teresa Women’s University 9) Anticipated Outcome (s) of the proposal
10) Research and Innovation culture creation among affiliated colleges
OVERALL BUDGET
186
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