Conclusions

Human Symbiosis and the Vicissitudes of Individuation, pp. 8-10; Mahler, Pine and Bergman, Psychological Birth of the Human Infant, p. 11; Nelson, "Self in Time."

34 Martin and Baresi, Naturalization of the Soul; Bermudez, Marcel and Elan, Body and the Self.

35 Mahler, Human Symbiosis and the Vicissitudes of Individuation, pp. 8-10; Bird and Reese, "Autobiographical Memory in Childhood"; Fivush, Bohanek and Duke, "Integrated Self."

36 Plato, Sophist, 254d-255e; Labbarriè, Discours de l’altérité, p. 49.

37 Plato, Gorgias and Republic; Cooper, “Socrates and Plato in Plato’s Gorgias.”

38 Hobbes, Leviathan, I, vi, p. 126.

39 Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, Section 1, chs. 1-2, Section II, ch. 4.

40 Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics; Holquist and Clark, Michail Bakhtin; Wertsch, Voices of the Mind; Habermas, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action; Moon, “Practical Discourse and Communicative Ethics."

41 Gadamer, “Reflections on My Philosophical Journey"; Fabian, “Ethnographic Objectivity Revisited."

42 Gadamer, Truth and Method, “Plato and the Poets” and “Reflections on My Philosophical Journey"; Warnke, Gadamer; Arendt, “Crisis in Education.".

43 Berger and Luckmann, Social Construction of Reality, pp. 184-88; Davis, “Boundaries and Sense of Self in Sixteenth-Century France.”

44 Scott, Seeing Like a State; Money, Gay, Straight, and In-Between; Kessler and McKenna, Gender; Ortner and Whitehead, Sexual Meanings. See also special issues of Social Problems devoted to labeling theory.

45 Anderson and Feinberg, “Race and Ethnicity and the Controversy over the US Census.” http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_r.html for “race” on the 2010 US Census.

46 Berlin, "Apotheosis of the Romantic Will."

47 Turgenev, First Love; Yeats, "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death."

48 Plato, Republic, 562-65..

49 Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, p. 19.

50 For an elaboration, Alison, ”Spontaneity and Autonomy in Kant’s Conception of the Self.” Lewis Beck, Commentary on Kant’s “Critique of Practical Reason” and “Five Concepts of Freedom on Kant,” identifies five different conceptions of freedom in Kant.

51 Mead, Mind, Self, Society, p. 175-78.

52 Mele, "Causation, Action, and Free Will," for a discussion of the extent to which philosphers consider free will incompatible to action that is determinined from outside.

53 Durkheim, Rules of Sociological Method, p. 54

54 Nietzsche, Birth of Tragedy, pp. 54-58.

55 Hobbes, Leviathan, Book 1, ch. xvi

56 Agnew, Worlds Apart, pp. 14-16.

57 Trilling, Sincerity and Authenticity, pp. 14-25; Wilshire, Role Playing and Identity, pp. 6-75; Righter, Shakespeare and the Idea of the Play.

58 Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, p. 105; Dipper, “Orders and Classes"; Buford, Germany in the Eighteenth Century, p. 61.

59 Jovellanos, Obras escogidas; Casanova, Memoirs, VI, p. 73; Herr, Eighteenth Century Revolution in Spain, pp. 184-85; Noyes, "La Maja Vestida.”

60 Diderot, Réfutation d'Helvétius, Oeuvres Complètes, vol. 1, p. 863, cited in Seigel, Idea of Self, p. 204.

61 Elias, Court Society, pp. 120-21, 127, 146.

62 Quoted in Knight, Geometric Spirit, p. 126, citing Condillac, Oeuvres Complètes, vol. III, pp. 402-03.

63 Ruppert, Bürgerliche Wandel, pp. 104-54; Hull, Sexuality, State and Civil Society in Germany, pp. 204-07.

64 Freedman, review of Bödeker, Histoire du livre; Ruppert, Bürgerlicher Wandel; Hull, Sexuality, State and Civil Society in Germany.

65 Kant, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, p. 30.

66 Mill, On Liberty, p. 76.

67 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “Letter to M. d'Alembert.”

68 Goethe, Aus einem Lebe.

69 Morgan, Altered Carbon, pp. 443-51.

70 Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, II.xxvii.15.

71 I draw on Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning.

72 Rousseau, Contrat Social.

73 Marx, Communist Manifesto, Grundrisse, pp. 121-23.

74 Marx, "After the Revolution."

75 Engels, "On Morality."

76 Cohen, Pursuit of the Millennium.

77 Spengler, Decline of the West; Husserl, Crisis of the European Sciences; Heidegger, Being and Time; Strauss, Natural Right and History and City and Man; Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust.

78 Taylor, Sources of Self.

79 Swaine, Liberal Conscience, for a thoughtful discussion of this problem.

80 Rist, Real Ethics, for a more detailed defense of this position.

81 Schneewind, Invention of Autonomy, p. 4; Taylor, Sources of the Self, p. 83.

82 More, Utopia; Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, p. 54..

83 Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, introduction.

84 Association of Religious Data Archives, http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/compare.asp; Pfaff, "Religious Divide," for higher figures on European beliefs in a deity and a breakdown by country.

85 Miller and McFarland, "Pluralistic Ignorance," and "When Social Comparison Goes Awry"; Prentice and Miller, "Pluralistic Ignorance and Alcohol Use on Campus" and "Pluralistic Ignorance and the Perpetuation of Social Norms by Unwitting Actors" document the phenomenon of "pluralistic ignorance." It describes individuals who act in conformity with a group but nevertheless feel distinct as individuals. It is most pronounced when people who would not voluntarily choose to participate in the group activity -- like binge drinking among college students – nevertheless to do so to maintain their acceptance by other group members.

86 Abelson, "Scripts in Attitudes and Decision"; Pennington and Hastie, Gergen and Gergen, Robinson, “Sampling Autobiography"; Brewer, “What is Autobiographical Memory?”; Neisser, “Self-Narratives"; Barclay, “Composing Protoselves Through Improvisation."

87 White, "Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality"; Mink, "Narrative Form as Cognitive Instrument."

88 Carr, Time, Narrative, and History, pp. 51-52, for a strong statement of this position.

89 Aristotle, Metaphysics, 2.2 and Physics 7.2, 8.5, 256a4-256b27.

90 Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, pp. 26-27, 41-45.

91 Bak and Chen, “Self-Organized Criticality."; Gleick, Chaos, pp. 59-80.

92 Jervis, System Effects; Lebow, Forbidden Fruit.

93 Hume, Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding, 1.3, 6.3; Treatise on Human Nature, 1.3. 8, 13-14. For different readings, see Rupert and Richman, New Hume Debate.

94 Panofsky, Perspective as Symbolic Form, pp. 7-24.

95 Edgerton, Renaissance Rediscovery of Linear Perspective, pp. 157-61.

96 Kaplan, Rocking Around the Clock.

97 Gergen, Saturated Self, pp. 145-47.

98 Freccero, “Autobiography and Narrative,” on gender. Lebow, “Constitutive Causality” elaborates this argument.

99 Aristotle, Politics, 1253a9-11. Condillac and Herder would make similar arguments.

100 Aristotle, De Anima, II.1-3, III, 4-7, 12-13.

101 Kant, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, p. 9 and Critique of Practical Reason, 5:161-62.

102 Marx, "Reflections of a Young Man on the Choice of Career."

103 Richard Alleyne, "Humans Share Neanderthal Genes from Interbreeding 50,000 Years Ago," The Telegraph (London), 6 May 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/7685610/Humans-share-Neanderthal-genes-from-interbreeding-50000-years-ago.html

104 Nicholas Wade, “Sit. Stay. Parse. Good Girl!,” New York Times, 18 January 2011, pp. D1, 4.

105 Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 9.2.

106 Leyens et al, "Emotional Side of Prejudice."

107 Schachter, “Interaction of Cognitive and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State,” Lutz, Unnatural Emotions; Konstan, Emotions of the Ancient Greeks.

108 Lebow, Cultural Theory of International Relations, chs. 2-3.

109 Heidegger, Being and Time; Solomon, Greenberg, Pyszczynski, “Cultural Animal,” for an overview of Terror Management Theory.

110 Tolkien, Lord of the Rings.

111 Genesis, 1.26; Kant, "Conjectural Beginning of Human History," makes a similar argument about humans choosing to rise above nature.

112 Augustine, City of God, XXII, 1-9, XIII, 12-15 and XIV, 12-14, who defined curiosity as man’s desire to transform his perfect human knowledge into perfect divine knowledge and thus become like a god.

113 Clarke, City and the Stars.

114 Goldenberg et al, "I am Not an Animal."

115 Gaita, Common Humanity.

116 Haslam, "Dehumanization."

117 Lebow, White Britain and Black Ireland.

118 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1155a14, 26-28,32, 1159b25, 1161a23, 1161b12.

119 Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, I, 1, 1-2.

120 Ibid., 1, chs. 1-2, II, ch. 4.

121 Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, pp. 287-88.

122 Rousseau, Emile, pp. 116-17.

123 Mirowski, "Cyborg History and the WWII Regime."

124 A. G. Sulzberger and Jennifer Medina, “Shooting Suspect Had Been Known to Use Potent, and Legal, Hallucinogen,” New York Times, 18 January 2011, p. A16.

125 Beddow, Fiction of Humanity, p. 65.

126 Singer, Animal Liberation and Expanding Circle. For other arguments for animal rights, see Sapontzis, "Moral Community and Animal Rights"; Bernstein, "Towards a More Expansive Moral Community."

127 Keller, Story of My Life; Mead, Mind Self, and Society, p. 149.

128 O'Neill, Towards Justice and Virtue and Bounds of Justice.

129 Bartelson, Visions of World Community, p. 46.

130 Cerny, Rethinking World Politics, esp. ch. 2.

131 Brown, International Relations Theory; Thompson, Justice and World Order, for this dichotomy.

132 Habermas, Theory of Communicative Action and Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action; O'Neill, Bounds of Justice, Towards Justice and Virtue and Practical Reasoning; Singer, One World; Nussbaum, "Virtue Revived" and "Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism." O'Neill and Caney, Justice Beyond Borders make specific applications to international relations.

133 MacIntyre, After Virtue, Whose Justice? and "Is Patriotism a Virtue?"; Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice; Taylor, Philosophy and the Human Sciences; Walzer, Spheres of Justice and Defense of Pluralism and Equality.

134 Held, Feminist Morality; Noddings, Caring; Tronto, Moral Boundaries;

Gilligan, In A Different Voice.

135 Benhabib, Situating the Self, p. 2. Erskine, Embedded Cosmopolitanism, for a thoughtful review and critique of both approaches.

136 Cochran, Normative Theory in International Relations; Robinson, Globalizing Care; Frost, Ethics in International Relations; Walzer, Thick and Thin.

137 Brown, International Relations Theory, pp. 21-81; Erskine, Embedded Cosmopolitanism, pp. 8-23.

138 Pindar, "Nemea 1."

139 Benhabib, Situating the Self, p. 188; Erskine, Embedded Cosmopolitanism, pp. 8-23.

140 Tolstoy, "Patriotism or Peace."

141 Shue, "Exporting Hazards"; Linklater, Transformation of Political Community and "Harm Principle and Global Ethics,"

142 Walzer, "Spheres of Affection"; Linklater, Men and Citizens, p. 16; Erskine, Embedded Cosmopolitanism, pp. 39-42.

143 Frost, Ethics in International Relations.

144 Erskine, Embedded Cosmopolitanism.

145 Homer, Iliad, 7.42-43.

146 Goffman, Presentation of Self in Everyday Life"; Bem, “Self-Perception Theory"; Lebow, Cultural Theory of International Relations, pp. 562-67.

147 Lebow, Cultural Theory of International Relations.

148 Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness; Akhmatova, Journals; Martinovich, Paranoia.

149 Bauckham, Theology of the Book of Revelation, p. 108; Gibson, Language and Imagery in the Old Testament; Brooke, “Prophecy.”

150 Another variant is Mead's distinction between "I" and "me." Self-fulfillment involves the "I" gradually comes to institutionalize the "attitude of the whole community." Mead, Mind, Self, and Society.

151 Kant, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View.