Contents of the fikst volume

excepting one intercolurnniation, for the whole had evidently had a peristyle. The

distance of the anta, from the column, by the rules of architecture, gave the distance also

between column and column ; by which data, with the help of a very conspicuous line of

mortar, about forty-five feet westward in the churchyard, the site of the west wall was

ascertained ; a ground plan of the building was laid down ; after which, by the well-known

proportions of Doric architecture, a complete elevation was obtained. From remains not

originally more promising than these Palladio has restored, in the most satisfactory and

convincing manner, several ancient temples. But every appearance about this work (for

unlike those beautiful specimens of ancient art which that great architect had the happiness

to retrieve) indicated, at once, provincial barbarism, and a declining age in art. For the

column was ill wrought, and the different diameters so varied from each other as to show

that it had never been struck from a centre.

Let all these be laid together, and it will scarcely be doubted that this was a temple of

Minerva, restored by command of Caracalla ; that the helmeted head of brass was that of

the goddess ; that the temple had been stormed and burnt in some irruption of the Cale-

donians, during the last period of the Roman power in Britain ; and that the precious

object of worship itself had been carefully deposited in the earth, on the approach of the

threatened danger, in a situation from which the depositor never lived to disinter it.

I have only to add to this account that within a few yards of the east wall of the

temple was disclosed the statue of a lion of tolerable workmanship, which, from the rude-

ness of one side, must have been an architectural ornament ; 2 and that in August, 1818,

the writer of this, examining the contents of a dilapidated chimney, immediately adjoining

i
1 ["Two handles of amphorse, stamped cvrvs, are to be seen at the vicarage." Just and Harland, 1850.]
2 [This, it is believed, is still preserved at Holme.]

BOOK I. CHAP. II.]

ROMAN HISTORY.

37

CWSVV

to the west side of the peristyle, discovered the lower

half of an altar, 1 on which unfortunately nothing

remained but the letters CVM SVIS V S L M.

[So far from Dr. Whitaker in his History of

Richmondshire.]

[In 1819 an altar was found in the cellar of

the White Bull Inn, in Ribchester. " This will

probably still be found at the White Bull, where

I saw it some years ago, as also the base of a column

in the street, nearly opposite the front of the

house, and another in the vicarage yard." (Eev. S. J. Allen to Messrs. Just and Harland

1850, in Journal of British Archasological Association, vi. 246.)
In Jan. 1829 two Roman coins, a Saxon styca of Keanred thirteenth King of

Northumbria, and fragments of a Saxon cross, about a foot and a half high, were found

together at the Anchor Hill. One of these coins had olv. CRISPVS CON. ; rev. within a

wreath, VOL. x. ; and around it, C^SARVM ICON AVORVM. The other, obv. MAKCVS AVRELIVS

AVG. ; rev. a standing female figure, with the cornucopia, and the legend ABUNDANTIA AVG.
On the 28th Feb. 1833 a fine Eoman altar, 2| feet in height, 1 foot 10 inches in

breadth, and 1 foot 7 inches in depth, was dug up in the churchyard ; and is now placed

in the entrance-hall of the vicarage. The sides are ornamented with vine-branches, and

the front bears this inscription :

'JAJTz

HVSCTOlA

[The accompanying engraving is lent by the British Archaeological Association, from their Journal, vol. vi.J

38 HISTORY OF WHALLEY. [BOOK I. CHAP. II.

This careful copy was communicated to Baines's History of Lancashire by the late

Rev. Samuel J. Allen, of Salesbury, with the following remarks : " A difficulty arises in

the construction of the fifth line. If the conjecture be correct that this was an altar

erected in honour of Caracalla, I think this reading of it (if supported by other inscriptions

of a contemporary date) would not be an improbable one : ' Pro Salute et Victoria invicti

Imperatoris Marci Aurelii Severi Antonini Pii filii Augusti et Juliae Augusta? rnatris

Domnse et Castrorum suorum Senatus et Populus Romanus.' I cannot, how-

ever, quite reconcile the inscription with this interpretation of it, unless we may, in the

sixth line, supply the letter s to MATRI, and alter it from the dative to the genitive case,

and thus dedicate the altar to the emperor, the son of Augustus and of Julia Augusta

Domna, and for the safety of the Camp. The seventh line has been erased, though not

with much care, as some remains of letters still appear, but so imperfectly as to render

their construction unintelligible.
" Besides the altar, a small fibula and ring of brass, a bulla, apparently inscribed with

some characters but now illegible, and three brass coins were found, one of which was

of Trajan, and another of Valerian, rev. FELICITAS AUG.
" To the south-west of the church, about midway between the chancel and the church-

yard wall, five steps were discovered at the same time with this altar, each 4 feet in length,

1 foot 4 inches in width, and 4 inches in depth. The altar was discovered about 12 yards

westward from the spot where the remains of the temple were excavated in 1813, sur-

rounded by the appearances of burning soot, &c. which have usually attended such dis-

closures at Blbchcster. Near one of the stiles to the churchyard (I think to the east) is a

stone resembling a low-backed seat, 2^ feet in height, 1 foot 10 inches in breadth at the

front, and 1 foot 5 inches at the sides ; perhaps it may be the corner anta described by Dr.

Whitaker [see p. 35]." (Rev. S. J. AUen to Messrs. Just and Harland, 1850.)
In March 1834 a beautiful and perfect fibula of bronze was discovered, If mile SSW.

of Ribchester, in the grounds of Harwood Fold, Clayton le Dale, through which the Roman

road from Manchester to Ribchester passed (see p. 12). " It is or was in the possession of

J. Eccles, Esq. of Leyland, near Chorley." (Ibid. p. 246.)

A small oval intaglio, engraved on onyx, found here at some forgotten date, is now in

the possession of James Fenton, Esq. of Norton hall, Gloucestershire, who has had it set

in a ring. It represents a man standing, and holding in his right hand a hare by its

heels, 1 aud in his left some smaller object, apparently a brace of birds suspended from a

stick.
In 1840, in the extreme north-eastern angle of the station, a Roman bath was opened ;

the tiles, stones, &c. were taken away, but the floor was left untouched, and covered up

again. Some of the stone props of the tiles are yet to be seen in the garden of a resident

surgeon (Mr. Patchett).

1 [" Evidently the signet of some Koman-British sportsman. Cupid similarly employed is a frequent subject for

signets: one such was formerly in my own possession." Rev. C. "W. King, author of the Handbook of Engraved Gems,

aud other more elaborate works on that subject, to J. G. N. July 6, 1870.]

BOOK I. CHAP. II.]

EOMAN HISTOEY.

39

In 18 , on a piece of land close to the town belonging to Lord de Tabley (but which

is now the property of Joseph Eenton, Esq.), another Roman bath was discovered ; and

the pottery and other relics there found were taken to Tabley Hall.
" The excavations lately undertaken, with the view of obtaining information for the

congress (of the British Archaological Association in 1850,) have laid bare the outer wall

to its foundation on the western side. Unlike the foundations of the walls of the ramparts

at Borrow Bridge, Melandra Castle, &c. it consists of loose stones, without mortar, or the

cement grouting common to such foundations. On the opposite side, in the angle between

the river and the junction of the brook, a large quantity of Roman pottery was found, con-

sisting of numerous fragments of Samian ware, chiefly of paterse, many marked with the

potter's name ; one ampulla with both hands perfect, and others broken ; fragments of

glass, of common pottery, nails, bones of animals, in which were tusks of boars and swine ;

five Roman coins, three of which are of silver, but much corroded ; two appear to be coins

of Vespasian and Titus, the third of Vitellius ;, two of copper, much corroded, but appa-

rently of the same period, &c." (Just and Haiiand.)

Roman coins have been repeatedly found at all times, but usually in a state of con-

siderable decay. Leigh says, " The Roman coins I met there, which are discovered as the

hill shelves into the river, were one of them Augustus Caesar's : the rest Titus, Vespasian,

Dioclesian, Coccius Nerva (from whom it is likely the place was by some called Coccium,*)

Domitian, Trajan, Adrian, Sev.erus, Commodus, Marcus Antoninus, and Julia, some in

copper and some in a mixed metal, in which last the letters are very legible ; likewise one

Saxon coin, and that in silver." (Natural History, B. III. p. 7.)
Besides many others which have been already incidentally noticed, the following

isolated discoveries have occurred :

COINS IN GOLD.
In Jan. 1837 a small gold coin is said to have been found not far from the river,

bearing the head of NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Rev. a female (?) seated, IVPPITER CVSTOS.

It came to the hands of John Swarbrick, living in Clayton's Court, Preston. (Newspaper

paragraph.)

VESPASIAN. Obv. His profile : VESPASIANVS Rev. An ox, cos. vii. Now
in the possession of Joseph Eenton, Esq. of Bamford Hall.
TRAJAN. Head of the Emperor, TRAJANO AVG. GER. DAC. P. M. TR. P. Rev. v. P.P. s.

p. Q. R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. The Emperor in the toga, and two small figures to whom he is

distributing food. Exerg. ALIMON. ITAL. (In the possession of James Fenton, Esq. of

Norton Hall, co. Glouc.)

FAUSTINA. In Dec. 1834 the same John Swarbrick above-mentioned is said to have

found, on the bank of the river, about 150 yards above the church, a small gold coin of this

empress, bearing on the Obverse her head, DIVA FAVSTINA. Rev. a full-length female

figure holding in her right hand, with extended and elevated arm, a bowl (probably a

globe), and having a ring or circle (perhaps a veil) pendant above the elbow of the left
1 [Dr. Whitaker's ridicule of this idea has abeady appeared in p. 29.]

40 HISTORY OF WHALLEY. [BOOK I. CHAP. II.

arm. 1 Legend AETERNITAS. This was in high relief and excellent preservation. (Note

by the Rev. S. J. Allen.)

COINS IN SILVER.
TRAJAN. In 1830, in digging up the bowling-green, a silver coin was found, Obv.

IMP. CABS. NERVA TRAiAN. AVG. GERM. ; Rev. P.M. TR. P. cos. ii. P.P. with a sitting figure,

in her right hand a garland, in her left a cornucopia. (Just and Harland, p. 245.)
HADRIAN. In June 1840 a small silver coin of debased metal and workmanship,

bearing on the obverse, HADRIANVS AVG. cos. in. P.P. ; on the reverse a figure of Romulus

bearing spoils, with the legend ROMVLO CONDITORI. (See a letter in the Blackburn

Standard signed S. dated Blackburn, June 13, 1840.)

SEPTIMIVS SEVERTJS. About 1834, on the bank of the Ribble, opposite Ribchester,

L. SEP. SEVER. AVG. (Rev. S. J. Allen.)

Writing in 1850, Messrs. Just and Ilarland gave the following account of the state of

Roman Ribchester : " At present the river Ribble has encroached vastly upon the area

of the station. Taking the extent of the fosse on the western side as a complete side of the

station, and, from the angle close to the river at the southern extremity, making a straight

line perpendicular to this side, we find that the other angle to complete the rectangle would

be on the other side of the river, just over the fence of the field, and directly opposite to

the brook which forms the boundary of the station on the east. At an estimate by the

eye there may have been one-fourth of the area of the station washed away by the river ;

burying within its sandy bed Roman treasures and relics, probably for ever. In a line

with this, or nearly so, the fishermen state that the Roman wall of the rampart extends into

the river, and that at low water they can stand, about middle deep, on the sunken remains ;

when off the remains, on each side, the water is beyond their depth. The northern rampart

has run from the angle at Anchor Hill, along the fence of the field north of the church,

in a direct line through the town to the brook, at the eastern side of the town. This has

constituted the longer side of the rectangular area on which the station stood, and mea-

sured about 300 yards. The shorter side measures about 130 or 140 yards. 2 Most of the

relics discovered have been washed bare by the encroachments of the river. Little remains

of Roman antiquity above ground. The bases of the shafts of two Roman pillars are

within the vicarage-yard. Four smaller ones, taken out of the river, form the front of the

doorway of the White Bull inn, within the town, but outside the station N.E. about 70

yards.
" The walls of the rampart around the station have wholly disappeared. Most of the

houses of the town have been built out of their remains. Besides, these have been robbed

to build up the greater portions of Salesbury HaU and Osbaldeston Hall in the neighbour-
1 [See the numerous varieties of ^Eternitas on the brass coins of Faustina in Hobler's Becords of Roman History >

1860, 4to. p. 180,et seq.~]

2 [According to the Ordnance six-inch map the station measures 850 by 390 feet. The Roman city of York was

of a rectangular form, of about 650 yards by about 550. (Wellbeloved, Eburacum, p. 53.) It was therefore nearly ten

times the size of Ribchester. York contained 357,500 square yards; Ribchester, 36.700. P. A. L.]

BOOK I. CHAP. II.]

ROMAN HISTORY.

41

hood, though nothing Roman is now to he seen at the modernized buildings, hut a quern

at Salesbury, and perchance some short pillars in the bee-house in the garden."]

From Ribchester our WATLING-STREET takes a northern course over Longridge Fell,

and is distinguished as a long stripe of green intersecting the brown heath of the mountain.

Having reached the summit of the hill it takes a turn towards the north ; then descends

again, is very conspicuous at intervals, has a broad and high ridge in the inclosures of the

townships of Thornley and Chargeley, enters Bowland a little below Dowford Bridge, passes

about half a mile west from Browsholme, traverses in a direct line the high grounds to the

north of that house, and then passes to the north of Newton and Sladeburn, and traces the

Hodder to its source at Cross of Greet, which is the northern boundary of the original

parish of Whalley. 1
A portion of this way, about 330 yards in length, was laid open by the cultivation of a

morassy piece of ground, and is described by Rauthmell, 4 the sensible and observing anti-

quary of Overborough, to have consisted of a substratum of large pebbly gravel spread on

the surface of the morass, and covered with large flat paving- stones above. This method

of constructing military ways was copied and continued by our immediate ancestors, though

upon a smaller scale, in those durable causeways which, imitating in this also the Roman

fashion, they carried in right lines through bogs and over fells, and which have been super-

seded within the last forty years only by turnpike roads. These well-planned but ill-

executed works have indeed opened the scenery of valleys, and added warmth and shelter

to expedition ; but, after flattering the traveller for a few years by their compact and even

surface, have left him for the most part little reason to triumph in the change of rugged

but durable pavements, and of the avavra and Ka-ravra of the hills, for a road sinking once

more into the subjected bog, or worn down to the shelving surface of its parent rock.
The course of this great military way from north to south being thus traced, and the

existence of another in this direction of east and west, from the Neb of the Nesc, assumed

on the authority of Mr. Whitaker and of Dr. Leigh, who observed it upon Fulwood Moor,

we have next the assertion of Camden himself for its elongation to the east of Ribchester.

Its line must then have been conspicuous, when vast tracts of land, now inclosed, lay in

common, and the plough, the great destroyer of such remains, had never passed upon them.

1 [" If any of my hearers is desirous of seeing the perfect formation of a Roman road, he has only to visit the lower

portion of Hardle, where, if he traces it through the present bridle-gate over the railroad, he will find that it was lately

opened out for a considerable distance in repairing the occupation road leading north up to Standen. Coming south

from this, the Roman road crosses Hardle and the Milton road about 50 yards nearer Whalley Moor than Barker's

farmhouse in the hollow." (Lecture of the Rev. E. N. Whitaker, Vicar of Whalley, delivered in 1866.)
[In Mr. Just's paper on the Roman Roads in Lancashire in the Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire

and Cheshire, is a description of that portion of this road then exposed at Pendleton brook, below Standen hall, now

covered by a young plantation.]
2 [The work quoted by Dr. Whitaker is " Antiquitates Bremetonacences, or the Roman Antiquities of Overborough ;

wherein Overborough is proved the Bremetonacse of Antoninus. 1746," 4to. The dedication to Robert Fenwick, Esq. is

signed Richard Rauthmell, and dated Holland, March 24, 1738-9 ; see further in Upcott's Catalogue of British Topo-

graphy, p. 476. Dr. Whitaker has reviewed the Roman antiquities of Overborough in his Richmondshire, ii. 265-270,

and gives a biographical note upon Rauthmell (see hereafter under WHITEWELL.)
VOL. I. G

42 HISTORY OF WHALLEY. [BOOK I. CHAP. II.

The course of this road is well ascertained. It passed the Calder at Potterford ; forms

the boundary of the townships of Whalley and Little Mitton ; traverses Chatburn and

Worston by Standen, where it was anciently denominated the Brede (or Broad) Street ;

has been lately cut through near Downham Hall ; and, passing through Olicana and

Burgodurum, or Adel, joins the great Eastern Iter near Castleford.
But on this line, or another, of which I have little doubt that it traversed the eastern

skirts of Pendle, whether at the distance of eight, or of eighteen, or of twenty-eight miles

from Herigonium, the seventh Iter of Richard calls upon us to look out for his station ad

Alpes Peninos. 1

Whalley, which is nearly at the first distance, has nothing Roman. 2 Burnley, which

exhibits now and then some evidence of a Roman settlement, is too remote from Pendle or

Pinhow ; Broughton, however, where it has been fixed by Mr. Whitaker, may be thought

to have a very plausible claim. But it is irksome to seek for a nonentity, as the fact really

seems to have been that in laying-out one of his new and arbitrary " diaphragmata," the

monk, having fixed in right positions Rigodunum (though mis-written by him Herigonium)

on one side of the mountains, and Alicana, or Olicana, on the other, and having very

properly interposed between them on his map the Alpes Peninos Monies, saw the distance

of the other two to require an intermediate station, and boldly invented this plausible and

ingenious name. But had he seen the anonymous Ravennas, his honesty would not have

been put to the test, and that unknown topographer, obscure and corrupt as he is, would

have furnished him with a genuine station in the very position which he wanted, a station

of which the summer-camp remains at Castercliff, and the name is echoed in Colne.
This was Calunio, the fourth name in an Iter (if, in an assemblage of names so ill-

arranged, any number of mere local words can deserve the appellation,) which appears to

have taken a circuitous route, unlike the regular and rectilinear Itinera of Antonine and

the Notitia, from Manchester to Ribchester. The names which precede and follow the

first and last words of this route appear to be unconnected with them, and indeed are

absolutely unintelligible. Thus insulated, therefore, it will stand as follows :

MANTIO.
ALUNNA.
CAMULODUNO.
CALUNIO.
GALLUNIO.
MODIBOGDO.
Of the first and third of these names, Mantio and Camuloduno, there can be no doubt

but that they are intended for the Mancunium and Cambodunum of Antonine, of which the

former has been fixed at Manchester, by the unanimous suffrage of our antiquaries, and the

latter has been removed from Almonbury to Slack, by the diligent investigation of Mr.

1 That is, supposing the Monk's name ad Alpes Peninos to be of any authority. [See before, p. 16.]
2 [This assertion of Dr. Whitaker in his first edition will be in some degree contradicted by what will be found

hereafter, under WHALLET.]

BOOK I. CHAP. II.]

ROMAN HISTORY.

43

Watson, and by the decisive reasonings of Mr. Whitaker. The second, Alunna, is un-

certain ; if, however, we are to suppose, with Mr. Percival and Mr. Watson, that it is

rightly placed between the other two, Castleshaw may have a fair claim to it, and Little-

borough, from its situation on the infant stream of the Roach, a still fairer, for it is

certainly no argument, or at least a very feeble one, against the existence of a station in

the fifth century, that it was unnoticed by Antonine two centuries before, and as there are

existing remains upon the two lines (for such I deem them to have been) which led from

Manchester to Slack, it seems but fair to assign this hitherto unappropriated name either

to the one or the other. If it be misplaced, as undoubtedly many names in this irregular

catalogue are misplaced, it may be corrupted from Alauna, 1 or from Alione ; it may have

denoted Lancaster or Whitley Castle, but at all events the Iter proceeds from Manchester

to Slack.

Next appear Calunio and Gallunio, of which the latter has been placed by Dr. Gale,

and afterwards by Mr. Horsley, at Whalley, though the etymology of that word is purely

Saxon, and though there is not a vestige of Roman antiquity about the place. But the

probability is (and here I adopt, with pleasure, Mr. Whitaker's conjecture,) that by a very

frequent error in the hurry and oscitancy of transcription, the name was repeated in one copy,