Contents of the fikst volume

the orthography altered in another, and by that means two stations produced out of one.

Again, taking it for granted that the barbarous word Modibogdo is corrupted from

Riffoduno, we are next to ascertain the site of a station interposed betwixt Slack and Rib-

chester. Now the route of this Iter is confessedly circuitous, and the Vale of Calder,

which would have formed the direct line of communication between these two points, has

no remains considerable enough to claim our regard. But a few miles to the north, and

in the very line too betwixt Coccium and Olicana, the name of Colne, and the remains of

Castercliff, plainly indicate the real site of Calunio.
It seems probable that the exact spot occupied by this station was in some of the low

grounds beneath the present town, and on the banks of the river, where all remains of it

have been effaced by cultivation, 2 for Castercliff itself, placed upon a bleak but commanding

elevation, which overlooks a large expanse of Craven to the north, and many miles of the

vale of Calder to the west, has plainly been the Castra JEstiva only of Calunio. Hither,

however, points the Roman road mentioned by Mr. Whitaker, which, long after, inter-

secting the Roman way from Manchester to Ilkley, may be traced in a broken causeway

over the wild moors above Heptonstall ; and hence appears to have issued another vicinal

way pointing directly towards Ilkley, of which there are remains in the upper part of

Trawden. Neither of these, however, are marked by the high bold rampart of the greater

Itinera, or are distinguished from the old English causeways of the country, otherwise than
1 The name Al mm indicates the situation of this obscure place to have been on the bank of a stream.
2 Hist. Mane. vol. i. p. 134. Perhaps the real site is now irretrievable, but there are two lingulas of land betwixt

Colne and Barrowford (a name indicating something of antiquity) on the north side of Colne water, and formed by the

influx of the two inconsiderable brooks, which have equal pretensions. The modern town of Colne has certainly none.

It is much too elevated and too far from the water.

G2

44 HISTORY OF WHALLEY. [Boon I. CHAP. II.

by the direction which they evidently pursue towards objects which have become obscure

and uninteresting, ever since the Romans abandoned Britain.

The area of Castercliff has been a parallelogram of about 120 yards by 110, though

somewhat rounded off at the angles. It has been surrounded by a double vallum and foss ;

and all the stones about it bear marks of fire.
I have lately inspected this camp more accurately, and have procured a sketch of it.

The area within the trenches amounts to four acres thirty perches statute measure, and

appears to have been levelled with great exactness. It has had a double wall and foss.

The larger stones of the wall have from time to time been removed; but the smaller

ones, which remain, universally bear marks of fire. The north and east sides are recti-

linear, but those on the south and west have followed the line of two very precipitous

banks, which have added greatly to the strength of the place. Immediately at the foot

of the western rampart is a line of springs. The site of this work was admirably calcu-

lated for a camp of observation, as it commands the Vale of Calder, a considerable tract

of Ribblesdale, all the high grounds towards Accrington and Haslingden, and the wildest

parts of Pendle Forest. (Prom Addenda to edit, of 1811.)
Great numbers of Homan silver coins have formerly been discovered in the long

ascending lane which leads from Colne Water to Castercliff; but nothing Roman, so far

as I have been able to learn, has been turned up within the area of the camp itself. It is

singular, however, that an iron cannon-ball, weighing six pounds, was lately found at this

place, 1 a circumstance of which no probable account can be given, but that in the civil wars

of the last century the works were still so entire as to constitute a strong post, which was

defended by one party and battered by the other.
The environs of Colne appear to have been populous in the Roman times, as great

numbers of their coins have been discovered in the neighbourhood, particularly at Wheatley

Lane, and near Emmet, where a large silver cup filled with them was turned up by the

plough in the latter end of the last century. 2

Another Iter from Mancunium has crossed a portion of the ancient parish of Whalley

from south-west to north-east. The existence of this has been very clearly proved, and

its course very accurately laid down by Mr. Whitaker ; but from its direction it appears to

have pointed immediately at Cambodumim, and to have united with the road from thence

to Ilkley, which would form a communication with the latter station. At the foot of

Blackstonedge, at a proper distance from both the greater stations, and in a commodious

1 It is now in my possession.
2 See a very sensible letter of Mr. Hargreave, rector of Brandsburton and a native of Colne, in Leigh, B. iii. p. 10.

Notwithstanding which, that author, " stiff in opinion, always in the wrong," determines that Colne was not a Eoman

station. The first application of Calunio to Colne is owing to the learned Dr. Gale. The orthography of this word, in

the most ancient charter we have, viz. of Henry the First's time, is Calna. [For the name in the Itinerary, as that

document is written in the dative case, we should more strictly read Calunium. J. G. N.]
[Exhibited, Hist. Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, 18 Dec. 1856, a donation from T. T. Wilkinson, F.R.A.S. Two

stones from Castercliff near Colne ; one specimen completely vitrified from intense heat, the other partially burnt through.]

BOOK I. CHAP. II.]

BOMAN HISTOKY.

45

site for refreshing the soldiers after their toilsome marches over those inhospitable moun-

tains, appears to have been a subordinate fort, still denominated the Castle, and within

half a mile of the modern Littleborough, to which it is thought * to have given its name.

Whether both the lines of communication between these two stations were contemporary,

or one was abandoned for the other, it is now difficult to ascertain. But a discovery made

some years since at Castlemere, in the neighbourhood of Rochdale, and very near the line

of this Iter, consisting of several coins of the middle brass and of the higher empire, one,

if I am not mistaken (for I am compelled to write from recollection), as early as Claudius,

seems to prove that the Blackstonedge line was at least as early as the other. About two

miles north-east from the last-mentioned place, 2 and, like that near the line of the Roman

road, was dug up in the year 1793 a very singular and noble remain of Roman antiquity.

This was the right arm of a silver statue of Victory (represented in Plate I. of Roman

Antiquities), of which the length was ten inches, and its weight nearly six ounces. The

hand was a cast, and solid ; the arm hollow, and formed apparently by having been beaten

upon a model of wood ; the anatomy and proportions good ; and on the inside of the

thumb a piece of solder which remained may be conjectured to have held a chaplet or

palm branch. There was, besides, a loose armilla about the wrist, and another united to

the arm above the elbow, to the former of which was appended a plate of silver with the

following inscription, formed by the pointed strokes of a drill :

. f
V

f"

1

r-
\-i.

r

(.

/

i i

,'

fr.

/ \

V

f

v.

A

Valerius Rufus, whose name occurs nowhere else among the inscriptions of Roman

Britain, may be supposed to have been an officer of rank in the sixth legion, 4 and the arm

of this vote has in all probability been broken off and lost in one of their marches from

York, their stated quarters, to Manchester, where the altar to Fortune 5 proves them to
1 " The castrum at Littleborough must have given denomination to the village." Hist. Mane. vol. i. p. 170.
2 [This discovery was made in a slate quarry at Butterworth, near Rochdale. It was also engraved in the

Gentleman's Magazine for May 1801, communicated by a correspondent signing PHILABGUROS, who is believed to have

been Charles Chadwick of Healey Hall, Esq. F.S.A.]
4 [Dr. Smith, in his Dictionary of Greek and Roman Mythology, has enumerated more than fifty cognomina of the

Valeria Gens, but Eufus does not occur among them. There was a C. Valgius Rufus, a poet and grammarian, and a

friend of Horace ; he was Consul suffectus B.C. 13.]
8 [FORTVNI CONSEBVATRICI L. SENECIANIVS MARTIUS CENTURIO o LEG. vi. VICT. Found at Aldport near the Medlock

in 1612. Horsley, p. 301. This, which is said by Gough, Additions to Camden, iii. 135, to be preserved in Lady

Eland's garden at Holme about a mile from Manchester, has now disappeared. Baines, Lane. ii. 154.]

46 HISTORY OF WHALLEY. [BOOK I. CHAP. II.

have been occasionally stationed. Gruter (565, ii.) has a funeral inscription for Valerius

Rufus, a soldier of the seventh legion, at Tarraco, in Spain, hut a vote of this importance

must have exceeded the ahility and the ambition of a private soldier.
These images of Victory were frequently of gold, and in great military processions

(eV fle'at? KCU 7r6fnrai<;) were borne by a boy elevated on the shoulders of men. The statue to

which this arm belonged must have been about two feet high, and therefore of a proper

size for the purpose which has been described. Any misfortune which befel these palladia

of the camp was held to be extremely ominous, and the loss of this arm and label 1 must

have spread consternation through the whole legion to which it belonged. An accident

of this kind preceded, and probably contributed to the defeat and death of Cassius :
Xeyerat Be Kal irporepov (says Plutarch) eV 6ea nvl /cal Tro/mf], %pvcrfjv Koo-trt'ov NIKHN Sia(f>epofj.evr)v
n-ecretv, oXio-flcWo? TOV fyepovTos. Brutus, c. 39. See also Dion Cassius, 1. 47, c. 40.
It was impolitic and dangerous to call in superstition to the aid of military enthusiasm,

a quality no less open to the impressions of terror than those of hope or resolution from

external accidents and appearances.

The editors of 1870 take the opportunity to append to this chapter the following references to dissertations illus-

trating the Roman and Primaeval antiquities of the ancient parish of Whalley, which have appeared since the days

of the author of this work :

In the Archaologia of the Society of Antiquaries of London.

Vol. XXX. 1844. Discovery of a Roman Urn near Burnley in Lancashire.

In the Archceoloyical Journal of the Royal Archcsological Institute.

Vol. VIII. 185 1. Notices of Roman Ornaments connected with the "Worship of the Deee Matres, and purchased for the

British Museum. By Edward Hawkins, F.R.'S. and F.S.A. 35-45.
Vol. IX. X. 1852. British Antiquities in the British Museum. By Augustus W. Franks, F.S.A. pp. 9-15.

Vol. X. 1853. On some of the relations of Archaeology to Physical Geography in the North of England. By John

Phillips, F.R.S.

Vol. XII. 1855. On Roman Antiquities from the North of England in the Libraries of Trinity and St. John's colleges,

Cambridge. By the Rev. John Collingwood Bruce, LL.D. F.S.A. pp. 23-28.
In the Journal of the British Archaeological Association.

Vol. II. 184G. On certain Mythic Personages mentioned on Roman Altars found in England and on the Rhine. By

Thomas Wright, F.S.A. pp. 239-255.
Vol. V. 1850. Notes on Roman Remains at Chester. By C. Roach Smith, F.S.A. pp. 207-233.

Vol. VI. 1851. On Roman Ribchester. By John Just, Esq. and John Harland, Esq. pp. 229-251.

Vol. VIII. 1853. On the Tenth Iter of Antoninus. By John Just, Esq. pp. 35-43.

Vol. XII. 1856. Account of the Discovery of Roman coins at Hooleywood. By Mr. Harland. pp. 236-238.

1 This valuable relic is in the possession of the author. [It is now (1870) at the residence of the historian's grand-

aughter, Mrs. Kate Blanche Guthrie, Twiston Manor-house, near Clitheroe. It may here be mentioned that the late

1 of the manor of Rochdale, James Dearden, Esq. F.S.A. obtained Miss Starkie's permission to have a fac-simile (in

silver) made of the arm. This, we believe, was given by his son to Mr. George Shaw of Saddleworth.]

BOOK I. CHAP. II.]

ROMAN HISTORY.

47

Vol. XX. 1864. On the Eoman Roads intersecting the parish of Halifax. By F. A. Leyland, Esq. pp. 205-219.
In the Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie, herausgegeben Von F. G. Welche und F. Ritschl. Neue Folge,

Jahrgang 11, 1856. Die rb'mischen Heeresabtheilungen in Britannien. Von G. Hiibner. pp. 1-57.

Jahrg. 12, 1857. Die rb'mischen Legaten in Britannien. Von G. Hiibner. pp. 46-83.
Jahrg. 12, 1857. Nachtrage und Berichtigungen zu dem Aufsatz iiber die romischen Heeresabtheilungen in Britannien.

Von G. Hiibner. pp. 84-87.

In the Proceedings and Papers of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire.
Vol. I. pp. 68-76. On the Roman Roads in Lancashire, with a particular account of the Tenth Iter of Antoninus. By
J. Just, of the Grammar School, Bury.
Vol. II. pp. 35-38. On the Roman station Condate. By J. Robson, Esq. Warrington.
Vol. III. pp. 3-10. Roman Roads of Lancashire, Part II. On the Seventh Iter of Richard of Cirencester. By J. Just.

Vol. HI. p. 57. Remarks on the Evidences of Roman Occupation in the Fylde District. By Rev. William Thornber of

Blackpool. (See pp. 26, 113.)
Vol. HI. p. 85. On the Nomenclature of British Tribes. By Dr. Bell.
Vol. IV. p. 100. Traces of the Britons, Saxons, and Danes in the Foreland of the Fylde. By Rev. William Thornber.

Vol. V. p. 199. The materials for the History of the two Counties, and the mode of using them.

Vol. VIII. p. 1. On the State of the ancient kingdom of Northumberland down to the period of the Norman Conquest,
especially pp. 135-140 on Ribchester, Coccium, &c.
Vol. Vm. pp. 127-140. On Roman Remains at Walton-le-dale Coccium. By Charles Hard wick. Important.

Vol. IX. p. 1. The Battle of Brunanburgh and the probable locality of the conflict. By T. T. Wilkinson. Fought at

Burnley description of Castercliff, &c. Roman roads. A very important paper.

Vol. IX. pp. 61-76. The Castle Hill at Penwortham. By Rev. William Thornber.

Vol. X. p. 198. Supposed elevation of the bed of the Ribble.
Vol. V. p. 1. (New Series.) On the Druidical Rock Basins in the neighbourhood of Burnley. By T. T. Wilkinson.

Vol. V. p. 262. (New Series.) On the Roman topography of East Lancashire. By T. T. Wilkinson.

Vol. VI. p. 273. (New Series.) Ancient British Remains at Over Darwen. By Charles Hardwick.

Vol. VII. p. 13. (New Series.) Historical Sketches of the Forest of Rossendale. By Thos. Newbiggin.

Vol. VIII. (New Series.) pp. 16-32. On the Ancient Castle at Bury. By Charles Hardwick.

Vol. X. (New Series.) Operations at Wilderspool, near Warrington; the Condate of Antoninus. By Dr. Kendrick.

In the Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.
Vol. V. Part II., (Old Series,) p. 527. Account of some Antiquities found in the River Ribble. By Thomas Barritt.

Vol. VI. (New Series.) pp. 409-425. An Essay on the Roman Road in the vicinity of Bury, Lancashire. By John Just.

Vol. VII. (New Series.) pp. 1-21. On the Roman Military Road between Manchester and Ribchester. With Map of
District and Road. By John Just.
Vol. VII. (New Series.) pp. 368-390. On the Leteia and Belisama of Ptolemy. By J. Black, M.D.

Vol. VII. (New Series.) pp. 528-558. An Account of the Roman Road from Manchester to Wigan. With Map. By

Rev. Edmund Sibson.

48

CHAPTER THE THIRD.

MEMORIALS OE THE PARISH DURING THE SAXON .ERA.

_L HESE are more considerable than might hare been expected from the obscure situation

of the place, and the meagre accounts which have been transmitted to us of that barbarous

and uninteresting period.

The deplorable state of weakness and barbarism into which the Britons lapsed after

the final desertion of their country by the Romans, is the true cause of that total revolu-

tion in language, laws, manners, and property, which took place after the Saxon Conquest.

Unlike the operation of those irruptions which rude but vigorous tribes sometimes make

upon their more polished and feeble neighbours, in which, though property for the most

part changes hands, the conquerors themselves are gradually subdued to the habits, the

arts, and the language of their captives, these invasions found the miserable remnant of

the native inhabitants unable to solicit their subduers by the blandishments of Roman

luxury, to refine them by the cultivation of Roman arts, or to enlighten them by the

institution of Roman laws. All these themselves had successively learned and lost ; and

with them they had nearly lost a greater treasure, which is never found to endure a state

of second barbarism ; namely, Christianity itself : so that, from the middle of the fifth to

that of the sixth century, they are accused by Gildas and by Bede of having lost not only

the power of religion, but the external form, of having abolished, except in a few instances,

the order of priesthood and the distinctions of civil society. 1
The Saxons, therefore, were at full liberty to institute an order of things altogether

original : they parcelled out the country upon their own plan, called the lands by their

own names, 2 and transmitted to their posterity a local nomenclature and a fundamental

system of legal usages, which sustained the shock of the Norman Conquest, and even

subsist at present.
Above the rest of Britain the name of Deira, or Deonalonb, which marked the whole
1 Bede, 1. 1, ch. 22. Gildas de excidio Brit. S. xxvi.
! This was'remarkably the case, almost all local names among the Saxons being formed from those of their first

possessors. After the Conquest a contrary process took place, and men were generally denominated from places.

BOOK I. CHAP. III.]

MEMORIALS DURING SAXON

49

tract of country interposed between the Tine, the Ribble, and the Humber, leads to the

idea of depopulation and decay, from which the Saxons themselves never completely

reclaimed it; for, while the map of all their other kingdoms in this island is thickly

strewn with towns and cities, Bernicia and Deira together supply not more than twenty

names, among which stands distinguished, on the south-western confines of Deopalonb,

the Falalaeg of Simeon of Durham, the ppaellseg 1 of the Saxon Chronicle, and the modern

Whalley.
Having now arrived at the word which denominates the subject of this History, it

remains that we inquire whether the Saxon language, from which it is obviously deduced,

will furnish a proper and descriptive etymology. In that language peall is a well, from

peallan, scaturire ; and this diphthong was undoubtedly pronounced broad, like the Dutch

Wall, which is, in fact, the same word. In the neighbouring parish of Rochdale, the true

Saxon pronunciation of the word remains to the present day : there they have Cold Wall

and Wall Head, to denote two remarkable springs. Dr. Plot, History of Staffordshire, p.

47, mentions a spring called Hungerwall* and one of the fountains of Whalley itself is still

denominated the High Wall Well. 3
( Highwall Well appears to have been the cold bath of the Abbey, for which purpose it

is singularly well contrived. It is walled with excellent hewn stone, about four feet and a

half deep, and is contracted, step by step, as follows : first, are two circles, the lower much

narrower than the higher ; then a square, inscribed within the last circle ; and beneath all,

a rhombus, inscribed within the last square. The convenience of this contrivance, for the

purpose of going in and getting out, as well as for immersion, is obvious. Addenda, 1818.)

Falalaeg, therefore, is the Field of Wells, and a term more strikingly descriptive could

not have been chosen : for, situated as Whalley is, upon the skirts of Pendle, and upon the

face of those half-inverted mineral beds popularly denominated the Rearing Mine, the

earth, if not drained, bleeds almost at every pore ; and there are no less than six con-

siderable springs within the immediate precincts of the village.
The first occasion in which the name occurs, in civil history, is in the year DCCXCVIII.

pep (says the Saxon Chronicle) paep mycel gepeoht on NopShymbpa laribe on lengpene on

iv. non. Apn. aet ppaellsege, ] paep man oppoh Alpic heapbeprep punu ] oSne msenige mib him.
The account of this event by Simeon of Durham, from some more ancient authority
1 In our oldest charters the Saxon aspirate is retained. The Deans sometimes signed themselves Dec. de Hwall.

and somethings Quallay.

2 [" Near Ashwood bridge, in the parish of King's Swinford, and not far from Swyndon. Commonly called

Hunger-wall, because it is usually either quite dry or at most stagnates, and runs not at all (but, as the vulgar will

have it, against a dearth of Corne) which how true it may be I shall not here dispute, but most certain it is it does

not always run ; and when it does, it sometimes they say comes forth with such a noise that it has frightened people

that have then happen'd to be near it, as particularly they will tell you it did some rabbit-stealers that were not far off

when it once thus happen'd to burst out." The Natural History of Staffordshire, by Eobert Plot, LL.D. &c. Oxford,

1686, folio, p. 47, 48.]
3 So also Walshaw is a wood, and Walsden, a valley, abounding with springs.

50 HISTORY OF WHALLEY. [BOOK I. CHAP. III.

than that of the Chronicle, is much more interesting and circumstantial. His words are

these : " Anno D. 798. Conjuratione facta ab interfectoribus Ethelredi regis, Wada Dux

in ilia conjuratione cum eis belluin inivit contra Eardwlphum regem in loco qui appellatur

ab Anglis Billangahoth juxta Walalege, et, ex utraque parte plurimis interfectis, Wada

Dux cum suis in fugam versus est et Eardwlfus rex victoriam regaliter sumpsit ab inimicis."
Billange, or Billinge, I suppose to have been at that time the name of the whole

ridge extending from the mountain near Blackburn, now bearing that appellation, to

Whalley. Billangaton, therefore, will be the original orthography of Billington; and