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Horsley, PI. 49, and p. 280), Marcus Censorius Cornelianus centurio legionis dccimce Fre- tensis, pratfectus coh. primce Hispanorum. On the front side is a basso-relievo of Apollo reposing upon his lyre, better designed than any work of a Roman-British artist which I have ever seen. On a second are the figures of two priests in long robes, holding the head of some horned animal between them ; on the third is the inscription ; the fourth is rough, having been originally attached to a wall. The stone is so large, that it appears to have had a distinct base and capital, which accounts for there being no appearance of a focus. It now turns out to be a dedication to Apollo Aponus, or the indolent Apollo, the god of medicine, who restores health by relaxation or repose, 1 on behalf of an emperor who 1 The classical reader will scarcely deem his attention too severely taxed by the length of the following remarks, much less by that of their attendant citations, when he is told that, according to the most probable conjecture, the Fons Aponi was the birthplace of Livy, and that this is the only inscription ever discovered to the Apollo Aponus. That warm springs were usually dedicated to the Sun our own Aqua Solis, the modern Bath, affords one example, supported by many others. The Fount of Aponus is, I believe, first mentioned by Suetonius, in the Life of Tiberius ; and mentioned not for its healing, but its oracular powers : " Quum Illyricum petens juxta Patavium adisset Geryonis Oraculum, sorte tracta, qu& monebatur, ut de consultationibus in Aponi fontem talos aureos jaceret, evenit, ut summum numerum jactu ab eo ostenderent ; hodieque sub aqua visuntur hi tali." (Tiber, c. xiv.) The Piscina Neroniana (which appears to have been the name of one of the baths at this place) proves it to have been frequented by that Emperor ; and his contemporary Lucan describes a hill in the Euganean country : " Aponus HISTORY OF WHALLEY. [BOOK I. CHAP. II. unfortunately is not mentioned. This accounts for the reposing attitude of the principal figure. But, as watering-places are the scenes where such cures are generally effected, the
puellis." (L. vi. Epigr. xlii.) A long and elegant Idyllium of Claudian, entitled " Aponus," proves that these salutary springs were equally celebrated in the time of Honorius ; and the following lines are a direct address to Apollo, the tutelar Deity : " Salve, Pffionije largitor nobilis undse; Dardauii, salve, gloria magna soli, Publica morborum requies, commune medentum
Felices, proprium qui tc meruere, coloni, Fas quibus est Aponon juris habere sui." 1. 89, 90. (Idyll, vi.) But, as the human constitution is the same under every change of religion and manners, the fountain of Aponus continued to be equally celebrated under the Gothic kings ; and a tumid and half-barbarous Epistle of Theodoric de- scribes the place and its accommodations in a very curious and lively manner. I shall abridge the passage, for it is very long, as much as is consistent with the sense: " Delcctat enim salutiferi Aponi meminisse potentiam. Cicruleum fontem vidimus in formam dolii concavis hiatibus astuantem. Ore plenissimo, in sphoBra similitudinem, supra terminos suos aquarum dorsa turgescunt [37 words omitted]. Unde latex tanta quicte defluit, tanta quasi stabilitate decurrit, ut eum non putes crescere nisi quia inde aliquid rauco murmure sentis exire [17 lines omitted]. A cautibus unda descendens et aera sua qualitate succendit ct tactu fit habilis, quum reccpta fuerit in lavacris : undo non tantum deliciosa voluptas acquiritur, quantum blanda medicina confertur. Scilicet sine tormcnto cura, sine horrore remedia, sanitas impunita balnea contra diversos dolores corporis attriluta. Qua? idco Aponum, Grrcca linguu, beneficialis nominavit antiquitas * [19 words omitted]. Illud quoque stupendum esse didicimus, quod una fluentorum natura diversis ministeriis videatur accommoda. Nam protinus saxo suscipiente collisa, inhalat prima; cellula; sudatoriam qualitatem ; deinde in solum mitigata descendens, minaci ardore dcposito, suavi temperatione mollescit [11 words omitted] ; postrem6, ipso quoque tepore derelicto, in Piscinam Neronianam i'rigida tantum efficitur quantum prius ferbuisse sentitur [23 words omitted]. Sed ut ipsum quoque lavacrum mundius redderetur, stupenda, qufidam continentije disciplina, in undam, qua viri recreantur, si mulier descendat incenditur." Does this explain the rudes puellis of Martial ? This continentia; exemplum was very like a Christian superstition of the age of Theodoric, but very unlike one of the second century, and under the tutela of Apollo, who was non usque adco rvdis puellis.
salutary and delightful: "Palatium longa senectute quassatum reparatione assidua corrobora." (Cassiodorus, in Variar. 1. ii. epist. xxxix.) Aloisio Architecto Thcodoricus Rex.
time, about two centuries ago, these fountains were not deserted. Such, then, is the Fans Aponi, the subject of this curious and singular Dedication. From the classical style of the sculpture, this altar must be referred to one of the earliest Emperors, who bore the style of Dominus Noster ; in other words, to the beginning of the Lower Empire.
* This explains the word Aponns: "Health restored, without pain or effort." Compare this with Clandian's lines on the same subject:
Non venas reserant, nee vulncre vnlncra sanant, Pocnla nee tristi gramine mista bibnnt, Amissum lymphis reparant impnne vigorem, Pacaturquc itgro luxuriante dolor." Idyl. vi. 95-100. BOOK I. CHAP. II.] ROMAN HISTORY. 25
QSALVED'N god of health was the Apollo Aponi as well as Aponus, and some highly saluhrious warm springs in the neighbourhood of Padua, long frequented by the Romans under the name of Fontes Aponi, and still retaining the denomination of Poni, were unquestionably the waters from which a cure was supplicated on behalf of this unknown emperor. [Dr. "Whitaker published some further remarks on this inscription in his Richmond- shire, vol. ii. p. 461 ; but the investigations of subsequent antiquaries have given it another interpretation. The altar 1 was bequeathed by Dr. Whitaker to St. John's college, Cambridge, where it is now preserved ; and when the Archa5ological Institute met at that university in 1854, it received the attentive consideration of Dr. Bruce, the experienced historian of the Roman Wall, who remarks that " it is without doubt the most elaborately carved altar which the Romans resident in Britain have left us." Dr. Bruce came to the conclusion that, " Instead of APONO, which Dr. Whitaker conceived to be an epithet of Apollo, MAPONO is probably the true reading. We nowhere else meet with Aponus (indolent) as an epithet of this deity.' At Plumpton, in Cumberland, an altar has been found which is inscribed : DEO MAPONO ET N. AVG., &c. (Lysons, Cumberland, p. civ.) To Mr. Roach Smith I am indebted for the reading now suggested, as well as for the idea that Maponus may be the British name of Apollo, as Belatucader is of Mars. It is nothing uncommon to address a god both by his classical and local name. The first letter in the fourth line appears to be N (numerus) rather than A (ala) ; both designations, as applied to a troop of cavalry, are common. * * * The chief value of the inscription depends upon the fifth line. Mr. Hodgson Hinde, in a paper read before the Society of Antiquaries
of the Roman Wall, who is now, at the instance of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, preparing a corpus of all he Roman inscriptions found in the north of England.]
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HISTORY OF WHALLEY.
[Boon I. CHAP. II. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and published in their Transactions, 1 conjectured (without having seen the altar) that Dr. Whitaker's reading of Breeten. should he Bremeten. Such, as is shown in the woodcut, appears to be the fact. He further argues that the station (Ribchester) at which the Sarmatian cavalry were located was the Bremetenracum of the Notitia. He does so upon the same principle that High Rochester is conceded to be Bremenium, and Risingham Habitancum.
from the excellence of the design of the altar, and from the clearness of its lettering, he must have been one of the earlier series.
one of these carvings is the youthful Apollo resting upon his lyre. The figure, notwith- standing the hard usage it has met with in the course of centuries, exhibits considerable grace. Two females, the one fully draped, the other only partially so, are shown on the other side of the altar. They hold some object between them which is so much injured as to be undistinguishable ; it may have been a basket of fruit or an offering of flowers. Dr. Whitaker is surely wrong in describing these figures as two priests holding in their hands the head of a victim." (Archaeological Journal, vol. xii. p. 226. 1855.) This altar is now at St. John's college, Cambridge, standing at the entrance to the New Bridge, fixed on a pedestal which bears this inscription : " Apollinis aram, prope Coccium in agro Lancastriensi repertam, testamento legavit Thomas Dunham Whitaker, LL.D. hujus Collegii alumnus."] II. [On " a votive altar to Mars Pacifer : "Horsley, p. 303 :] PACIFE EO MARTI ELEGAVR
The word Elegaurba is very ingeniously read, by Professor Ward, ap. Horsley, p. 303, Elcgans Aurelius Bassus?
Dioclesian and Maximian, Augg. and Constantino and Galerius, Casss. 1 Archaeologia ^Eliana, vol. iv. p. 109. 2 [Elegans is not known as a prsenomen. It occurs three times in Grater and twice in Kellermann's Vigiles, but always as a cognomen or agnomen. P. A. L.] BOOK I. CHAP. II.] ROMAN HISTORY. 27
IV. Camden's second visit to Ribchester, in 1603, 1 was rewarded by the discovery of ' a very fair altar," with this inscription : DEIS MATRIBVS M. INGENVI VS. ASIATICVS DEC. AL. AST.
The Asti, or Astce, were a people of Thrace, 'Ao-rot Spaxuv e'foo?, Strabo, 1. 7. Steph- Bizan. 'Ao-rat e'0z/o? pa/ci/cov. Deis, instead of Deabus, is held to be pure Latin, where there is another word expressive of the sex. (Vossius de Anal. 2, 4.) [Dr. Whitaker is here mistaken. The inscription plainly relates to the Astures, a people of the north-west of Hispania Tarraconensis (whence the well-known royal title in Spain of Prince of the Asturias), several of whose inscriptions have occurred at the stations on the Roman Wall. 2 1 [" When I was here again in 1603, 1 met with the largest and fairest altar I ever saw, with this inscription, in the house of Thomas Rhodes." The engraving here inserted is from a drawing made in 1850, and lent to this work by the British Archaeological Association.]
" Matribus Campestribus et Genio Ate Primse Hispanorum Astur[um]," &c. Another, a monumental stone : " Aventino Curatori Alse II. Astururn." A third, this remarkable record of the rebuilding of a barn : " Imp. Cses. M. Aur. Severus Alexander Pii F. Aug. Horreum conlabsum Coh. II. Asturum S[everiane] A[lexaudrian] a solo restituerunt," c.] E 2 28
HISTORY OF WHALLEY. [BOOK I. CHAP. II.
The altar now stands in the garden at Stonylmrst, having been removed thither about 1822 from Dinkley, where it served for a cheese-press, as before mentioned from Stukeley (p. 22). " It is 33 inches high by 22 broad ; the inscription has become obliterated from exposure to the weather." Baines.~\
horseback without saddle or bridle, brandishing a spear in both hands, and insulting over a naked man on the ground holding in his hand something square. 1 Between the horse and the prostrate figure are D. M. ; under the figure GAL SARHATA. The rest of the many letters are so decayed as not to be read, nor can I form any conjecture about them." (Camden, edit. Gough.)] VI. The last of Carnden's inscriptions, which he transcribed out of the papers of Lambard, who had most probably received it from his friend Lawrence Nowell, is in a very peculiar style, and has been justly conjectured, by Mr. Ward, to belong to a very low period in the Empire. HIS. TERRIS. TEGITVR AEL. MATRONA. QV . . . . VIX. AN. XXVIII. M. II. D. VIII. ET M. IVLIVS. MAXIMVS. FIL. VIX. AN. VI. M. III. D. XX. ET. CAM PANIA. DVBBA. MATER VIX. AN. L. IVL. MAXIMVS .... ALAE. SAR. CONIVX COXIVGI. INCOMPARABILI ET. FILIO. PATRI. PIEXTIS SIMO. ET. SOCERAE. TENA CISSIMAE MEMORIAE. P. Here the words mater and socera intimate the same person in two relations ; pien- tissimo patri, for in patrcm, is very barbarous ; and tenacissimce memories, in a passive sense, is altogether unauthorised. But the style of this inscription is not only late, but deformed by provincial barbarisms. Antiquaries, while they employ their time and talents in elucidating monuments of fifteen hundred years old, are apt to forget that the objects of their criticism are often compositions of no higher rank than the frail memorials of our own churchyards, " with uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture deckt.'"
relief of not unfrequent occurrence as the sepulchral memorial of a Eoman knight or cavalry soldier. Two such found at Littlemoor near Cirencester in 1835 and 1836 were shortly after engraved in the Gentleman's Magazine, and again represented in History and Antiquities of Cirencester, T. P. Baily, 1842, 12mo. p. 201. Another, found at Stanwix, will be seen in Brace's Roman Wall, p. 292.]
compassion to the unlearned, favoured them with his own translations, of which I select the following as a specimen : " Acel, a matron who lived 28 years two months and eight days, in this earth lies entombed ; and Marcus Julius
BOOK I. CHAP. II.] ROMAN HISTORY. 29
VII. The foregoing are from Camden : the next was, I believe, first copied by Leigh (book iii. p. 8), and from him transcribed [and modified] by Dr. Gale, who made one happy conjecture concerning the etymology of Coccium, but proposed it with a degree of diffidence which a visit to the place would certainly have removed, as it must have con- vinced him that he was in the right. I had long since made the same guess, and was happy to find it confirmed by the authority of so great a man. DEO MARTI ET VICTORIAE DEC ASIATIC. AL. SARMAT. SLLMIITCCNN. This is reasonably conjectured by Horsley to have been compounded, by misapprehen- sion, of Nos. III. and IV. VIII. This imperfect votive stone was first transcribed by Horsley (Lancashire, ii.) and IMP . CA IMP . CA VEX . J3C SVB . SEX is now remaining (though the letters are more than half effaced) in a garden wall within the village. Who the two emperors were to whom it was inscribed it is now impossible to discover, but the form of the letters seems to point at Scverus and Caracalla.
[At its head these three lines : IMP CAES MA CO. [At its foot these three : OM
C . GA SEIFL.
" The form of this looks somewhat like a miliary pillar. It was lying in a garden at the west end of the town, and near the river. So much of the inscription is quite effaced as makes it hard to guess at the meaning of the whole." (Horsley, p. 302.)
50 years. Julius Maximus, and Alee, a Sarmatian, wife to her incomparable husband, erects this to perpetuate the memory of Simo, the son of a pious father, and his father-in-law." Book iii. p. 5. The following are a few more flowers of his criticism: Coccium from Coccius Nerva ; CONN. Coccio Nervce ; IETCCNN. imperatori triumphanti Ccesari Coccio Nervce, for Imperatori et Ccesaribus nostris. Had this Doctor filled his whole book, as he has done nearly one half of it, with medical cases, it might have been of some use ; but how, with all possible allowances for the blindness and self-partiality of human nature, a man should have thought himself qualified to write and to publish critical remarks on a subject of which he understood not the elementary principles, it is really difficult to conceive. After all, his errors might have slept with himself, had not his vanity and petulance been at least equal to his want of literature. 30
X.
HISTORY OF WHALLEY. LEG XX V V. FECIT. [BOOK L CHAP. II. This has been the corner-stone of a building, and is now remaining in an outhouse near the church. 1 It has two sides exposed, and on the second is a rude figure of a boar, the well-known cognizance of the Twentieth legion, which, though usually stationed at Chester, might be quartered here at intervals. 2 It has never been published before.
coins, of which many are found of the large brass, are generally so much corroded as to be scarcely legible. Denarii of the upper empire are not uncommon. A very pretty intaglio [" of Mars "] in a ruby is engraved by Leigh (Tab. I. fig. i.) ; and I have a gold ring, found here some years since, set with a cornelian of many faces, with a dove in the centre, and round it the words AVE MEA VITA, the present, as it should seem, of a lover to his mistress. Tradition also records a singular discovery at Ribchester, viz. the skull of an ox, covered with some remains of leather, and studded with gold. It is very possible that such a preparation might have been used for some sacrificial purpose, and it was an idea not likely to occur to an inventor. 4 1 It has since been removed to Browsholme, [and thence to Holme. It is the same which is represented in the miscellaneous plate introduced where the former place occurs in a subsequent page, and again in the History of Rich- mondslu're, ii. 462.]
Messalinus defeated with it, though much under its full strength (semiplena), more than 20,000 enemies. ( Velleius Palcrc. ii. 112.) There can be no doubt, as Pauly says (Real Encycl. iv. p. 897), that it thence won the name Valeria Victrix. After the defeat of Varus it was sent to Germany. Its winter quarters were at Bonn; where it joined, on the death of Augustus, in the mutiny of the German legions which was appeased by Gerrnanicus, under whom it afterwards took part in the campaigns against the Germans, and has left many inscriptions in Lower Germany. Under Claudius the legion came to Britain and fought under Suetonius Paulinus. After the death of Nero their vexillarii formed part of the army which accompanied Vitellius to Rome. Vespasian made Agricola legate of the legion. Its head-quarters were in Chester; but inscriptions in Scotland, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Durham, &c. show the presence of detachments throughout the North of Britain, and tombstones of its members have been found at Bath and London. As it is not mentioned in the Notitia Imperil there is reason to suppose that when that work was compiled it had just been withdrawn from Britain. (Pauly, Real Enci/c. art. Legio (Geschichte). Hiibner, Die romischen Heeresabtheilungen in Britannien in Rheinisches Museum fur Philolorjie, Neue Folge, Jahr. ii, 1856.) Sculptures representing the boar (usually running) as the device of the Twentieth Legion have been found at various places in this country, as at Chesterholm, High Rochester, Lanchester, and Maryport, on the Roman Wall (see Bruce, pp. 217, 327, 347, 369) ; in Scotland (No. v.) and Durham (No. xvi.) as engraved by Horsley. Near Great Chesters in Northumberland has been found a very curious sculpture without inscription, representing in relief two winged genii, two eagles with wings spread, settled on the branches of trees, and two boars, running, facing each other. (Horsley, Northumberland, Ixiii.)] 3 [We should perhaps not wholly pass unnoticed the circumstance that Mr. Thomas Wright, in his Celt, Roman, and Saxon (second edit. p. 299, followed by Mr. H. Godwin, in his Archceological Handbook), has asserted that among the altars found at Ribchester was one to the goddess Jalouna. This is altogether a misapprehension. An altar inscribed DEO JALONO, a male deity, supposed to personify the River Lune, was found at Lancaster, and is described by Dr. Whitaker in his Richmondshire, i. 214. Mr. Wright also states (ubi supra) that an inscription DEO HERCVLENTI occurs at Ribchester, which is an error for Riechester, in Northumberland ; see Horsley, p. 241.] 4 It was most probably one of the ancient encarpia. There is also in the possession of Dr. St. Clare, of Preston, a Roman cyathus or diota of silver, found at Ribchester, not inelegantly embossed, and containing about half a gill. Yüklə 4,81 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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