Evidentiality in Uzbek and Kazakh

2.2.2 Pronouns 
Pronouns form a discrete class from other lexical categories. Much like nouns, they are marked 
for case (although irregularly) and act as the arguments of verbs (20, 21). Pronouns cannot co-
occur with intensifying or comparative morphology. 
(20) Men sağan bu-nï ber-di-m.
2
(Kaz) 
I you(
SG
).
DAT
this-
ACC
give-
PST
-1
SG
‘I gave you this.’ 
(21) Kim sen-ing qiz-ing ko’r-gan e-di? (Uz) 
Who you(
SG
)-
GEN
daughter-2
SG
see-
PRF COP
-
PST
.3 
‘Who had seen your daughter?’ 
Other classes of pronouns exist in Uzbek and Kazakh as well. These classes include the 
interrogative pronouns (e.g Uz, Kaz: kim ‘who’, Uz: nima, Kaz: ne ‘what’), indefinite pronouns 
2
The dative form of the 2
nd
person pronoun in this example is irregular. Rather than the 
predicted sen-ga, the form is sağan. 

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(e.g. Uz: bari, Kaz: bäri ‘everyone’, Uz: allakim, Kaz: äldekim ‘someone’), reflexive pronouns 
(e.g. Uz: o’z, Kaz: öz, ‘self’) and deictic/demonstrative pronouns (e.g. Uz: bu, Kaz: bul ‘this’, 
Uz: osha, Kaz: osï ‘that there’). 
Any pronoun may function as a predicate. When the predicate is the first or second 
person pronoun, any copular form that follows may show agreement with the predicate, rather 
than the subject (23). 
(22) Bu nima? (Uz) 
 
This what 
‘What is this?’ 
(23) Sol men e-di-m. 
(Kaz) 
That I
COP
-
PST
-1
SG
‘That was me.’ 
(Äwezov 1948, 112)