46
(25)
Uch bola-m bor. (Uz)
Three child-1
SG EXIST
'I have three children.'
(26)
Asqar kel-di me? -Žoq, kel-me-di. (Kaz)
Asqar come-
PST Q
? No come-
NEG
-
PST
'Did Askar come? -No, he did not come.'
Deontic predicates express necessity or permission. Three members of this class are
found in Uzbek and Kazakh
3
: the Turkic *
kerek (Uz:
kerak, Kaz:
kerek) 'necessary', the Arabic
loan
lāzim (Uz:
lozim, not present in Kazakh) 'necessary', and the Arabic loan
mumkin (Uz:
mumkin, Kaz:
mümkin) 'possible, permissible'.
(27)
Uy-ga bor-ish-im kerak/lozim/mumkin. (Uz)
Home-
DAT
go-
NMLZR
-1
SG
necessary/necessary/possible
'I need to/need to/can go home.'
As previously described, all five types of non-verbal predicates are directly affixed with the
pronominal agreement markers. If a non-present or non-generic reading is to be expressed, the
copula (which is described in 2.4) must be added in order to bear further TAM marking.
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