History of the christian church

8⁹⁵⁸ Lea, I. 165.

9⁵⁹ The list is given by Lea, I. 556-559.

0⁹⁶⁰ Hefele, in his Life of Cardinal Ximenes, p. 265 sqq., took the position that the Spanish Inquisition was a state institution, Staatsanstalt, pointing out that the inquisitor-general was appointed by the king, and the Inquisitors proceeded in his name. Ranke, Die Osmanen u. d. span. Monarchie inFürsten u. Völker, 4th ed., 1877, calls it "a royal institution fitted out with spiritual weapons." On the other hand, the Spanish historians, Orti y Lara and Rodrigo take the position that it was a papal institution. Pastor takes substantially this view when he insists upon the dominance of the religious element and the bull of Sixtus IV. authorizing it. So, he says, erscheint d. span. Inquisition als ein gemischtes Institut mit vorwiegend kirchlichem Charakter, 1st ed., II. 542-546, 4th ed., III. 624-630. Wetzer-Welte, VI. 777, occupies the same ground and quotes Orti y Lara as saying, "The Inquisition fused into one weapon the papal sword and the temporal power of kings." Dr. Lea emphasizes the mixed character of the agency, and says that the chief question is not where it had its origin, but which party derived the most advantage. It is, however, of much importance for the history of the papacy as a divine or human institution to insist upon its responsibility in authorizing and supporting the nefarious Holy Office. Funk says that "the assumption that the Spanish Inquisition was primarily a state institution does not hold good."

1⁹⁶¹ Lea, I. 235; II. 103 sqq.

2⁹⁶² Lea, II. 116, etc., insists upon the double-dealing of the papacy, from Sixtus IV. to Julius II., "who with one hand sold letters of absolution and with the other declared them invalid by revocation." Sixtus’ bull of 1484 was confirmed by Paul III., 1549. Its claim, an infallible papacy cannot well abandon.

3⁹⁶³ Lea, I. 214. For Ferdinand’s expressions of satisfaction with the zeal shown in the burning of heretics, as after a holocaust at Valladolid, September, 1509, see Lea, I. 189, 191, etc.

4⁹⁶⁴ Lea, I. 217.

5⁹⁶⁵ Lea, I. 250 sqq.; Wetzer-Welte, Petrus Arbues, vol. IX.

6⁹⁶⁶ Lea, II. 336

7⁹⁶⁷ Peter Martyr, as quoted by Lea, II. 381.

8⁹⁶⁸ Lea, I. 217; II. 353, sq., 400-413.

9⁶⁹ Lea, II. 363.

0⁹⁷⁰ Lea: The Inq. in the Span. Dependencies, p. 219.

1⁹⁷¹ Lea heads a chapter on this subject, Supereminence, I. 350-375.

2⁹⁷² For list of temporary tribunals, see Lea, I. 541-555.

3⁹⁷³ Lea devotes a whole chapter to the subject, II. 285-314. In time limpieza was made a condition of holding church offices of any sort in Spain.

4⁹⁷⁴ Lea, II. 485.

5⁹⁷⁵ Lea, II. 137, gives cases of accused women, respectively 78, 80 and 86.

6⁹⁷⁶ · Lea, III. 8, 14, etc.

7⁹⁷⁷ In Paris the usual method was to inject water into the mouth, oil and vinegar also being used. The amount of water was from 9 to 18 pints. La Croix: Manners, Customs and Dress of the M. A., N. Y. 1874, chapter on Punishments, pp. 407-433.

8⁹⁷⁸ Lea, III. 140-159.

9⁷⁹ For a description of an auto, see Lea, III. 214-224.

0⁹⁸⁰ Lea, III. 185 sq., quotes the sentence upon Mencia Alfonso, tried at Guadalupe, 1485, which runs: "As a limb of the devil, she shall be taken to the place of burning so that by the secular officials of this town justice may be executed upon her according to the custom of these kingdoms." Paul III., 1547, and Julius III., 1550, conferred upon clerics the right of condemning to mutilation and death in cases where, as with the Venetian government, delays were interposed in the execution of the ecclesiastical sentence. Vacandard says, p. 180: "Some inquisitors, realizing the emptiness of the formula, ecclesia abhorret a sanguine, dispensed with it altogether and boldly assumed the full responsibility for their sentences. The Inquisition is the real judge,—it lights the fires .... It is erroneous to pretend that the Church had absolutely no part in the condemnation of heretics to death. Her participation was not direct and immediate, but, even though indirect, it was none the less real and efficacious." This author, p. 211, misrepresents history when he makes the legislation of Frederick II. responsible for the papal treatment of heresy. Innocent III. had been punishing the Albigenses to death long before the appearance of Frederick’s Constitutions.

1⁹⁸¹ The Spanish Inquisition was introduced into Sicily in 1487, where it met with vigorous resistance from the parliament, and in Sardinia, 1492. In the New World its victims were Protestants, conversos, bigamists and fornicators. The Mexican tribunal was abolished in 1820, and that of Peru, the same year. As late as 1774 a Bogota physician was tried "as the first and only one who in this kingdom and perhaps in all America" had publicly declared himself for the Copernican system.

2⁹⁸² Lea, chapter on Censorship, III. 481-548; Ticknor: Span. Lit., I. 461 sqq.

3⁹⁸³ See Hoensbroech, I. 139, quoting Llorente. Dr. Lea speaks of the apparent tendency of early writers to exaggerate the achievements of the "Holy Office," and calls in question, though with some hesitation, Llorente’s figures and the figures given by an early secretary of the tribunal, Zurita, who records 4000 burnings and 30,000 reconciliations in Seville alone before 1520. See Lea’s figures, IV. 513-624. Father Gams, in his Kirchengesch. Spaniens, reckons the number of those burnt, up to 1604, at 2000, but he excludes from these figures the burnings for other crimes than heresy. See Lea, IV. 517.

4⁹⁸⁴ Geiger-Burckhardt, I. 152.

5⁹⁸⁵ "Along this line, see the strong remarks of Owen, pp. 72-96. This vigorous writer traces the roots of the Renaissance back to the liberating influence of the Crusades on the intelligence of Europe.

6⁹⁸⁶ Burckhardt, I. 4. See vol. V., Pt I. 198 of this History.

7⁹⁸⁷ Quoted by Burckhardt, I. 27. This author speaks of an Epidemie für kleine Dynastien in Italy.

8⁹⁸⁸ Burckhardt, I. 145.

9⁸⁹ Vita Nuova, 10, 11. See Scartazzini, Handbuch, p. 193.

0⁹⁹⁰ Vita Nuova, Norton’s trsl., p. 2.

1⁹⁹¹ Die Komödie ist der Schwanengesang des Mittelalters, zugleich aber auch das begeisterte Lied, welches die Herankunft einer neuen Zeit einleitet. Scartazzini, Dante Alighieri, etc., p. 530. See Geiger, II. 30 sq. Church, p. 2, calls it "the first Christian poem, the one which opens European literature as the Iliad did that of Greece and Rome." Dante knew scarcely more than a dozen Greek words, and, on account of its popular language, he called his great epic and didactic poem a comedy, or a village poem, deriving it from kwvmh, villa, without apparently being aware of the more probable derivation from kw'mo", merry-making.

2⁹⁹² Allen Schmerz, den ich gesungen, all die Qualen, Greu’l und Wunden

Hab’ ich schon auf dieser Erden, hab’ ich in Florenz gefunden.

—Geibel: Dante in Verona.

One of the finest poems on Dante is by Uhland, others by Tennyson, Longfellow, etc.

3⁹⁹³ Strong, p. 142.

4⁹⁹⁴ "There is in Dante no trace of doctrinal dissatisfaction. He respects every part of the teaching of the Church in matters of doctrine, authoritatively laid down ... He gives no evidence of free inquiry and private judgment."—Moore, Studies, II. 65, 66.

5⁹⁹⁵ Engl. translation by A. G. F. Howell, London, 1890.

6⁹⁹⁶ See Burckhardt-Geiger, I. 219.

7⁹⁹⁷ Of his 317 sonnets and 29 canzoni all are erotic but 31. For the sake of euphony, the author changed his patronymic Petrarco into Petrarca. In the English form, Petrarch, the accent is changed from the second to the first syllable.

8⁹⁹⁸ "The noble desire of fame,"Par. xi. 85-117. See, on the subject, Burckhardt-Geiger, I. 154 sq. Pastor, I. 4 sq., calls special attention to this pursuit of the phantom, fame, by the Humanists at courts and from the people.

9⁹⁹ Robinson, Life, p. 336, says, "Petrarch’s love for Cicero and Virgil springs from what one may call the fundamental Humanistic impulse, delight in the free play of mind among ideas that are stimulating and beautiful."

0¹⁰⁰⁰ See Burckhardt-Geiger, II., Excursus LXI.

1⁰⁰¹ For Petrarca’s attachment to Laura, see Koerting, p. 686 sq., and Symonds, Ital. Lit., I. 92, and The Dantesque and Platonic Ideals of Love, in Contemp. Rev., Sept., 1890.

2¹⁰⁰² Symonds, Ital. Lit., I. 99, says, "Boccaccio was the first to substitute a literature of the people for the literature of the learned classes and the aristocracy," etc.

3¹⁰⁰³ The best edition of his La Vita di Dante, with a critical text and introduction of 174 pages, is by Francesco Marci-Leone, Florence, 1888.

4¹⁰⁰⁴ In an attempt to break the force of the charge that in its beginnings the Renaissance was wholly an individualistic movement, independent of the Church, Pastor, I. 6 sqq., lays stress upon the gracious treatment Petrarca and Boccaccio received from popes and the repentance of their latter years.

5¹⁰⁰⁵ See Burckhardt-Geiger, II. 18 sqq.

6¹⁰⁰⁶ Burckhardt-Geiger, I. 277.

7¹⁰⁰⁷ I. 261 sq.

8¹⁰⁰⁸ Burckhardt-Geiger, I. 274; Symonds, II. 396 sqq.

9¹⁰⁰⁹ Gregorovius, VII, 539; Symonds, Rev. of Learning, II. 215.

0¹⁰¹⁰ Burckhardt-Geiger, II. 21.

1⁰¹¹ See Pastor, II. 655 sqq., who dwells at length on this pope’s service to the library.

2¹⁰¹² R. Rocholl, D. Platonismus d. Renaissancezeit, in Brieger’s Zeitschr. für K.-gesch., Leipz., 1892, pp. 47-106.

3¹⁰¹³ Cambr. Hist., I. 560.

4¹⁰¹⁴ Bessarionis Opera in Migne’s Patrol. Graeca, vol. CLXI. Lives of Bessarion by Henri Vast, Paris, 1878, and H. Rocholl, Leip., 1904.

5¹⁰¹⁵ Lionardo Bruni Aretini Epistolae, ed. Mehus, 2 vols., Flor., 1742.

6¹⁰¹⁶ Opera Poggii, Basel, 1513, and other edds. Epistolae Poggii, ed. Tonelli, 3 vols., Flor., 1832, 1859, 1861. Shepherd: Life of Poggio. Pastor’s castigation of Poggio, I. 33 sqq., is in his most vigorous style.

7¹⁰¹⁷ His life, Rosmini, 3 vols., Milan, 1808, Epistolae Filelfi, Venet., 1502.

8¹⁰¹⁸ Sadoleti opp., Moguntiae, 1607; Verona, 1737, 4 vols. In his Concilium de emendanda Ecclesia, 1538, Sadoleto admitted many abuses and proposed a reformation of the Church, which he vainly hoped from the pope

9¹⁰¹⁹ Valla’s Works, Basel, 1540, J. Vahlen; L. Valla, Vienna, 1864, 2d ed., 1870; Voigt, I. 464 sqq. See Benrath in Herzog, XX. 422 sqq.

0¹⁰²⁰ Cui nec Italia nec universa ecclesia multis seculis similem habuit non modo in omni disciplinarum genere sed ex constantia et zelo fide Christianorum non ficto. See his Respons. ad Lovan. et Colon theol. of March, 1520, Weimar ed., VI. 183. In this reply to the Louvain and Cologne theologians who had condemned his writings, Luther also speaks of the injustice of condemning Pico della Mirandola and Reuchlin.

1⁰²¹ De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione. A well-written MS. copy in the Vatican is dated 1451. The tract is printed in Valla’s Opera, 761-795, and in Brown’s Fasciculus rerum, Rome, 1690, pp. 132-157, French text, by A. Bonneau, Paris, 1879. Luther received a copy through a friend, Feb., 1520, and was strengthened by it in his opposition to popery, which he attacked unmercifully in the summer of that year in his Address to the German Nobility, and his Babyl. Captivity of the Church.

2¹⁰²² The first issues were Invectivae in Vallam and Antidoti in Poggium. The coarse controversial language, common to many of the Humanists, unfortunately Luther and Luther’s Catholic assailants shared, and also Calvin.

3¹⁰²³ The Theses of Pico, Rome, 1486, and Cologne. His Opera, Bologna, 1496, and together with the works of his nephew, John F. Pico, Basel, 1572, and 1601.—G. Dreydorff: Das System des Joh. Pico von Mir., Marb., 1858.—Geiger, 204 sqq.—His Life, by his nephew, J. Fr. Pico. Trsl. from the Latin by Sir Thos. More, 1510. Ed., with Introd. and Notes, by J. M. Rigg, Lond., 1890.

4¹⁰²⁴ I. 217. See also II. 73, 306 sq.

5¹⁰²⁵ The discovery of the Laocoön in a vineyard in Rome was "like a Jubilee." Michelangelo was one of the first to see it. Sadoleto praised it in Latin verses. See description in Klaczko, W. 93-96.

6¹⁰²⁶ Taine, Lectures on Art, I. 16.—Lübke, Hist. of Art, II. 280 sq. says: Lionardo was one of those rare beings in whom nature loves to unite all conceivable human perfections,—strikingly handsome, and at the same time of a dignified presence and of an almost incredible degree of bodily strength; while mentally he possessed such various endowments as are rarely united in a single person,"etc. See also Symonds, III. 314.

7¹⁰²⁷ Julius ordered a colossal tomb wrought for himself, but he could not be depended upon as a paymaster, as Michelangelo complained. See Klaczko, p. 62.

8¹⁰²⁸ The Renaissance, III. 191.

9¹⁰²⁹ Seine Geschichte ist in den vier Begriffen enthalten: leben, lieben, arbeiten und jung sterben.

0¹⁰³⁰ Raphael, p. 428 sqq.

1⁰³¹ Symonds, III. 516.

2¹⁰³² See Grimm’s description, I. 186 sqq.

3¹⁰³³ Grimm, II. 224, speaks of the expression on Christ’s face as indescribably repelling, but says, if a last judgment has to be painted with Christ as the judge, such an aspect must be given him.

4¹⁰³⁴ Pastor, III. 54-9, following Redtenbacher, gives a list of the more important pieces of ecclesiastical architecture in Italy, 1401-1518.

5¹⁰³⁵ With these lines of Byron may be coupled those of Schiller:—

Und ein zweiter Himmel in den Himmel

Steigt Sanct Peter’s wundersamer Dom.

6¹⁰³⁶ See Burckhardt-Geiger, II. 178 sqq.

7¹⁰³⁷ VII. 536.

8¹⁰³⁸ Voigt, II. 213.

9¹⁰³⁹ Geiger, II. 182-4.

0¹⁰⁴⁰ · Pastor, I. 44 sqq., III. 66-8. It would be scarcely possible to furnish a more offensive portrait of a priest than the living person, Don Nicolo de Pelagait di Firarola. He had become the leader of a robber band and, in 1495, was confined in an iron cage in the open air in Ferrara. He had committed murder the day he celebrated his first mass and was absolved in Rome. Afterwards he killed four men and married two women who went about with him, violated women without number and led them captive, and carried on wholesale murder and pillage. But how much worse was this priest than John XXIII., charged by a Christian council with every crime, and Alexander VI., whose papal robes covered monstrous vice?

1⁰⁴¹ See Pastor, III. 117; Symonds, II. 208, etc.

2¹⁰⁴² Gregorovius, VIII. 300. For an excellent account of Pomponazzi and his views, see Owen: Skeptics, pp. 184-240.

3¹⁰⁴³ See Burckhardt-Geiger, II. 155 sqq. and his quotation from Rabelais.

4¹⁰⁴⁴ Bezold, p. 200, die vollendete sittliche Verkommenheit.

5¹⁰⁴⁵ He furnished the text to a series of obscene pictures by Giulio Romano. Symonds, Ital. Lit., II. 383 sqq. Reumont, Hist. of Rome, III., Part II. 367, calls Aretino "die Schandsäule der Literatur."

6¹⁰⁴⁶ The principles of his Principe an fully discussed by Villari in his Machiavelli, II. 403-473, and by Symonds, Age of the Despots, p. 306 sqq.

7¹⁰⁴⁷ See Symonds, Ital. Lit., II. 174 sqq.

8¹⁰⁴⁸ Non est nefas se virginibus sanctimonialibus immiscere. Pastor, I. 21.

9¹⁰⁴⁹ Frederick III., Ilgen’s trsl., II. 135 sqq.

0¹⁰⁵⁰ Burckhardt-Geiger, II. 161, 343 sqq. Symonds, II. 477. The mal franzese is said to have appeared in Naples in 1495. It spread like wildfire. During the Crusades the syphilitic disease, so ran the belief, was spread in the East through the French.

1⁰⁵¹ Cortigiana, as quoted by Symonds, Ital. Lit., II. 191.

2¹⁰⁵² Reumont, III., Pt. II. 461 sqq.; Gregorovius, viii, 306 sqq.; Burckhardt-Geiger, II. 331-336.

3¹⁰⁵³ Rev. of Learning, 407; Geiger, II. 176; Excursus II., 348 sqq.; Pastor, III. 101 sqq.; Voigt, II. 471; Gregorovius, viii, 308, says."we should inspire disgust did we attempt to depict the unbounded vice of Roman society in the corrupt times of Leo X. The moral corruption of an age, one of the best of whose productions has the title of Syphilis, is sufficiently known." Bandello, as quoted by Burckhardt, says: "Nowadays we see a woman poison her husband to gratify her lusts, thinking that a widow may do whatever she desires. Another, fearing the discovery of an illicit amour, has her husband murdered by her lover. And though fathers, brothers and husbands arise to extirpate the shame with poison, with the sword, and by every other means, women still continue to follow their passions, careless of their honor and their lives." Another time, in a milder strain, he exclaims: "Would that we were not daily forced to hear that one man has murdered his wife because he suspected her of infidelity; that another has killed his daughter, on account of a secret marriage; that a third has caused his sister to be murdered, because she would not marry as he wished! It is great cruelty that we claim the right to do whatever we list, and will not suffer women to do the same."

4¹⁰⁵⁴ Burckhardt-Geiger, II. 172 sqq.; Pastor, III. 128.

5¹⁰⁵⁵ Burckhardt-Geiger, II. 153; Symonds, Rev. of Learning, p. 406; Gregorovius, viii, 282.

6¹⁰⁵⁶ See Burckhardt-Geiger, II. 235 sqq.; Art. Astrologie in Wetzer-Welte, I. 1526 sqq., by Pastor; and Lea, Inquisition, III. 437 sqq.

7¹⁰⁵⁷ Summa, II. 2, 95; Migne’s ed., III. 729-731.

8¹⁰⁵⁸ Villari, Machiavelli, I. 275.

9¹⁰⁵⁹ Villari, Life and Times of Savonarola, p. 183. Savonarola, in a sermon, said: "Wouldst thou see how the Church is ruled by the hands of astrologers? There is no prelate or great lord that hath not intimate dealings with some astrologer, who fixeth the hour and the moment in which he is to ride out or undertake some piece of business. For these great lords venture not to stir a step save at their astrologer’s bidding." See the remarks of Baudrillart, p. 507, on the powerlessness of culture to restrain the delusion of astrology.

0¹⁰⁶⁰ Schmid, II. 83.

1⁰⁶¹ Köstlin,