History of the christian church

Leben Luthers, I. 45. Rashdall, II., pp. 245, speaks of Erfurt as the first university formed after the model of Paris in which the organization by nations does not appear. It was abolished 1816. The endowments of the German universities came largely through the appropriation of prebends.

2¹⁰⁶² Bezold, p. 204.

3¹⁰⁶³ Janssen, I. 27.

4¹⁰⁶⁴ Schmid, II. 112.

5¹⁰⁶⁵ It seems to have been the custom to apply the rod without mercy. Luther speaks of the number of floggings he got a day. No case is more famous than that of Hans Butzbach. As a little fellow he was accustomed to play truant. When the teacher, an Erfurt B. A., found it out, he took off the child’s clothes and, binding him to a post, flogged him till the blood covered his body. His mother, hearing the cries, hurried to the school, and bursting the door open and seeing her child, fell fainting to the floor. Schmid, II. 125.

6¹⁰⁶⁶ Bezold, p. 226.

7¹⁰⁶⁷ Among the other German Humanists were Crotus Rubeanus, 1480-1540, Georg Spalatin, 1484-1545, Beatus Rhenanus, 1485-1547, Eoban Hesse or Hessus, 1488-1540, Vadianus, 1484-1551, Glareanus or Loriti of Glarus, 1488-1563, and Bonifacius Amerbach, 1495-1562, the last three from German Switzerland.

8¹⁰⁶⁸ From kavpnion, i.e. little smoke, the Greek equivalent for Reuchlin, the diminutive of Rauch, smoke.

9¹⁰⁶⁹ "Stat [exegi] monumentum aere perennius." Reuchlin also explained the difficult theory of Hebrew accentuation, in De accentibus et orthographia lingum hebr., 1518. Comp. Geiger, Das Studium der hebr. Sprache in Deutschland v. Ende des 15ten bis zur Mitte des 16ten Jahrh., Breslau, 1870, and his Reuchlin, 161, etc.

0¹⁰⁷⁰ See quotation in Janssen, II. 40.

1⁰⁷¹ Judenspiegel; Judenbeichte; Osternbuch; Judenfeind, 1507-’09.

2¹⁰⁷² "Rathschlag, ob man den ruden alle ihre Bücher nehmen, abthun und verbrennen soll," Stuttgart, Nov. 6, 1510.

3¹⁰⁷³ Janssen, II. 51, in justifying the inquisitorial process and the action of the Un. of Cologne against Reuchlin, makes a great deal of these epithets.

4¹⁰⁷⁴ For an account of Hoogstraten, d. 1527, who came from Brabant, see Paulus: Die deutschen Dominikaner, etc., pp. 86-106. Among other writings, he wrote a book on witchcraft and two books, 1525, 1526, against Luther’s tracts, the Babylonian Captivity and Christian Freedom, Paulus, p. 105.

5¹⁰⁷⁵ Strauss, I. 99 sqq.

6¹⁰⁷⁶ Böcking, III. 413-448. Geiger: Reuchlin, p. 522, gives a facsimile of the picture.

7¹⁰⁷⁷ Strauss: Hutten’s Gespräche, pp. 121-3, etc., 143.

8¹⁰⁷⁸ Volume VI. of this History gives an extended survey of Erasmus’ career, writings and theological opinions. He belongs to the Middle Ages as much as to the modem period if not more, and the salient features of his life and historical position must be given here, even if there be a partial repetition of the treatment of vol. VI.

9¹⁰⁷⁹ In the compendium which he wrote of his life, Erasmus distinctly states that he was born out of wedlock and seems to imply that his father was a priest at the time. See Nichols, Letters, I. 14. The other view that the father became a priest later is taken by Froude, p. 2, and most writers.

0¹⁰⁸⁰ Nichols, 1. 224.

1⁰⁸¹ Nichols, II. 2 sqq., 262.

2¹⁰⁸² See Emerton’s remarks on this matter, p. 184 sqq.

3¹⁰⁸³ Nichols, II. 148 sq., 462.

4¹⁰⁸⁴ See Drummond, II. 268.

5¹⁰⁸⁵ Nichols, I. 64.

6¹⁰⁸⁶ For a number of quotations, see Froude, 123 sqq.

7¹⁰⁸⁷ Compare Erasmus’ disparaging remarks on the papacy on the occasion of the pageant of Julius II. at Bologna when an arch bore the inscription, "To Julius II, Conqueror of the Tyrant," Faulkner, p. 82 sqq.

8¹⁰⁸⁸ Paraclesis ad lectorem, prefixed to Erasmus’ New Testament.

9¹⁰⁸⁹ Praecipitatum fuit verius quam editum, says Erasmus himself in the Preface. The 2d edition also contains several pages of errors, some of which have affected Luther’s version. The 3d edition first inserts the spurious passage of the three heavenly witnesses, 1 John 5:7, to remove any occasion of offence, ne cui foret ansa calumniandi.

0¹⁰⁹⁰ Nichols, II. 535.

1⁰⁹¹ Nichols, II. 198, 314, 522.

2¹⁰⁹² See Emerton, pp. 454-5.

3¹⁰⁹³ Janssen, II. 9 sqq. The inventory of his goods contains a list of his furniture, wardrobe, napkins, nightcaps, cushions, goblets, silver vessels, gold rings and money (722 gold gulden, 900 gold crowns, etc.). See Sieber, Inventarium über die Hinterlassenschaft des Erasmus vom 22 Juli, 1536, Basel, 1889.

4¹⁰⁹⁴ Pref. to Pentateuch, Parker Soc. ed., p. 395.

5¹⁰⁹⁵ Imbart, II. 382. In his Skeptics of the French Renaissance, Lond., 1893, Owen treats of Montaigne, Peter Ramus, Pascal and other men who were imbued with the spirit of free inquiry and lived after the period included in this volume.

6¹⁰⁹⁶ Imbart, II. 364-372. Louis XI. was eulogized as being greater than Achilles, Alexander and Scipio, and the mightiest since Charlemagne.

7¹⁰⁹⁷ Imbart, II. 545.

8¹⁰⁹⁸ Imbart, II. 394, says, Il va donner un singulier éclat à la doctrine de la justification par la foi, sans, cependant, sacrifier les oeuvres. This author draws a comparison between Lefèvre and Erasmus. See, however, Lefèvre’s Preface itself, and Bonet-Maury in Herzog, V. 715.

9¹⁰⁹⁹ Wolsey applied the proceeds of 20 monasteries, which he closed, to the endowment of a school at Ipswich and of Cardinal College, Oxford. In 1516, Fox, bishop of Winchester, founded Corpus Christi College at the same university to teach the new learning.

0¹¹⁰⁰ He wrote a History of England and revenged himself by disparaging Wolsey, who had refused to give him his favor.

1¹⁰¹ For his services to medicine, see W. Osler; Thos. Linacre, Cambr., 1908, pp. 23-27.

2¹¹⁰² Nichols: Erasmus’ Letters, I. 226. Sir Thomas More, writing to Colet, Nov., 1504, said: "I shall spend my time with Grocyn, Linacre and Lily. The first, as you know, is the director of my life in your absence, the second the master of my studies, the third my most dear companion."

3¹¹⁰³ Seebohm, p. 283.

4¹¹⁰⁴ See the letter. Froude: Erasmus, 139.

5¹¹⁰⁵ Probably at Magdalen Hall. See Lupton, 23 sqq., and the same cautious author for Colet’s school life in London. For the facts of Colet’s career, our best authority is Erasmus’ letter to Justus Jonas.

6¹¹⁰⁶ Quoted by Lupton, p. 76.

7¹¹⁰⁷ For the letter to the abbot of Winchcombe, in which Colet describes the priest’s visit, see Lupton, p. 90 sqq., and Seebohm, p. 42 sqq.

8¹¹⁰⁸ Seebohm, p. 107.

9¹¹⁰⁹ Seebohm gives 1510. For date and the original name, see correspondence in London Times, July 7, 20, 1909, between M. E. J. McDonnell and Gardiner, surmaster and honorable librarian of St. Paul’s. The school was sometimes called Jesus’ School by Colet. The buildings were finished, August, 1510. The present location of the school is Hammersmith.

0¹¹¹⁰ The statutes are given by Lupton, Appendix A., p. 271 sqq. For the Accidence which Colet prepared for the school, see Lupton, Appendix B. In contrasting the recent Latin with the Latin of classic authors, profane and patristic, Colet called the former "blotterature rather than literature." One of the rules required the boys to furnish their own candles, stipulating they should be of wax and not of tallow. For the bishop who preached against St. Paul’s school as "a home of idolatry," see Colet’s letter to Erasmus, Nichols, II. 63.

1¹¹¹ The former is an inference from Erasmus’ statement in his account of the visit to Walsingham, and the latter Erasmus’ plain statement in his letter to Jonas.

2¹¹¹² The text in Lupton, Appendix C.

3¹¹¹³ Lupton, p. 183, says Colet might aptly have referred to the case of the archdeacon who, in the course of his visitation, went to Bridlington Priory with 97 horses, 21 dogs and 8 hawks. For Colet’s description in the Hierarchies of Dionysius of what a priest should be, see Lupton, p. 71; Seebohm, p. 76.

4¹¹¹⁴ Nichols, I. 376, II. 287. At a later time, to take More’s statement, Colet prosecuted the study, Nichols, II. 393.

5¹¹¹⁵ Nichols, H. 25, 35 sqq., 72, 258, etc.

6¹¹¹⁶ Gasquet: The Eve of the Reformation, p. 6, insists that the contrary view is "absolutely false and misleading."

7¹¹¹⁷ A Right Fruitful Admonition concerning the Order of a Good Christian Man’s Life. A tract by Colet reprinted in Lupton’s Life, p. 305 sqq., from an ed. of 1534.

8¹¹¹⁸ Lupton: Life of Colet, p. 143.

9¹¹¹⁹ See Gasquet: Eve of the Reform., p. 215 sqq.

0¹¹²⁰ What estimate was put upon the life of a heretic in some quarters in England may be gathered from a letter written to Erasmus, 1511, by Ammonius, Latin secretary to Henry VIII. The writer said, he did "not wonder wood was so scarce and dear, the heretics necessitated so many holocausts." At the convocation of 1512, an old priest arguing for the burning of heretics repeated the passage louder and louder haereticum hominem devita (avoid) and explained it as if it were de vita tolli, to be removed from life, and thus turned the passage into a positive command to execute heretics. For Morels denial of having used cruelty towards heretics, see hisEngl. Works, p. 901 sqq. The martyrologist, Foxe, pronounced More "a bitter persecutor of good men and a wretched enemy against the truth of the Gospel."

1¹²¹ Dr. Lindsay in Cambr. Hist. of Engl. Lit., III. 19.

2¹¹²² Gasquet: The Eve of the Reformation, p. 378.

3¹¹²³ · Nichols, II. 428. See also Seebohm, pp. 408, 416, 470.

4¹¹²⁴ Hist. of the Engl. Church in the 16th Cent., etc., p. 160. Among the affecting scenes in the last experiences recorded of men devoted to martyrdom was the scene which occurred on Morels way to the Tower, reported by Morels first biographer, Roper (Lumby’s ed., p. liii). His favorite daughter, Margaret, longing once more to show her affection, pressed through the files of halberdiers and, embracing her father, kissed him and received his blessing. When she was again outside the ranks of the guards, she forced her way through a second time for a father’s embrace.

5¹¹²⁵ Cambr. Hist. of Engl. Lit., p. 20. For an excellent summary of the Utopia, see Seebohm, pp. 346-365, and also W. B. Guthrie, in Socialism before the French Revol., pp. 54-132, N. Y., 1907. For the Latin edd. and Engl. transl., see Dict. of Natl. Biogr., p. 444. An excellent ed. of Robynson’s trsl., 2d ed., 1556, was furnished by Prof. Lumby, Cambr., 1879. The Life of More, by Roper, More’s son-in-law and a Protestant, is prefixed. Also Lupton: The Utopia, Oxf., 1895. A reprint of the Lat. ed., 1518, and the Engl. ed., 1551.

6¹¹²⁶ See Lumby’s Introd., p. xiv, and Guthrie, p. 96 sq.

7¹¹²⁷ There is, of course, no standing ground except that of generous toleration as between the view taken by the author and the view of Abbot Gasquet, who can find nothing praiseworthy in the Protestant Reformation and closes his chapter on the Revival of Letters in England, in The Eve of the Reform., p. 46, with the words, "What put a stop to the Humanist movement in England, as it certainly did in Germany, was the rise of the religious difficulties which were opposed by those most conspicuous for their championship of true learning, scholarship and education," meaning Colet, Erasmus, Fisher and More. For good remarks on the bearing of English Humanism on the Protestant movement, see Seebohm, pp. 494 sqq., 510.

8¹¹²⁸ See chapter Reformation and Renascence in Scotl., by Hume-Brown in Cambr. Hist. of Eng. Lit., III. 156-186. For the gifted Alesius, who spent the best part of his life as a professor in Germany, see A. F. Mitchell: The Scottish Reformation, Edinb., 1900.

9¹¹²⁹ Lea: Cler. Celibacy, II. 25. Gerson: Dial. naturae et sophiae de castitate ecclesiasticorum. Du Pin’s ed., II. 617-636.

0¹¹³⁰ Lea: Inq. of Spain, I. 15 sqq.

1¹³¹ For further testimonies, see Lea: Cler. Celibacy, II. 8 sqq.

2¹¹³² See Lea in Cambr. Mod. Hist., I. 660.

3¹¹³³ Quoted by Lindsay: The Reformation, II. 90. Of the Italian convents, Savonarola declared that the nuns had become worse than harlots.

4¹¹³⁴ Janssen, I. 681, 687, 708; Ficker, p. 27; Bezold, pp. 79, 83.

5¹¹³⁵ See Hefele-Hergenröther: Conciliengesch., VIII., under Kleidung, and Butzbach: Satirae elegiacae quoted by Janssen, I. 685 sqq.

6¹¹³⁶ Janssen, I. 689-696, gives a full list of these bishops.

7¹¹³⁷ Janssen, I. 726. Bezold, p. 83, certainly goes far, when he makes the unmodified statement, that the convents were high schools of the most shameful immorality—Hochschulen der gräuelichsten Unsittlichkeit.

8¹¹³⁸ Sind jetzt allgemein Edelleute Spital, Janssen, I. 724.

9¹¹³⁹ Die jungen Mönchlein, he said, und Nönnlein die du machest, die werden Huren und Buben. The young monks and nuns will become harlots and rascals. I have not spoken of that custom of mediaeval lust, the jus primae noctis or droit de marquette as it was called, whereby the feudal lord had the privilege of spending the first night with all brides. Spiritual lords in Southern France, having domains, did not shrink, in cases, from demanding the same privilege. Lea: Celibacy, I. 441.

0¹¹⁴⁰ Lea, II. 59.

1¹⁴¹ Gee and Hardy: in Documents, etc., gives only two ecclesiastical acts between 1402-1532.

2¹¹⁴² Wilkins: Concil., III. 360-365.

3¹¹⁴³ Capes: Engl. Ch. in the 14th and 15th Centt., p. 259, says that many of the clergy were actually married.

4¹¹⁴⁴ Seebohm, p. 76. For Hutton’s summary of the Norwich visitation, see Traill: Social Engl., II. 467 sqq. He concludes that "if the religious did little good, they did no harm." But see same volume, p. 565, for the charge against the priests of Gloucester.

5¹¹⁴⁵ Froude puts the composition of this tract in 1528. The 16th complaint runs: "Who is she that will set her hands to work to get 3 pence a day and may have at least 20 pence a day to sleep an hour with a friar, a monk or a priest. Who is she that would labor for a groat a day and may have at least 12 pence a day to be a bawd to a priest, monk or friar?"

6¹¹⁴⁶ See James Gairdner in Engl. Hist. Rev., Jan., 1905.

7¹¹⁴⁷ Dr. Tulloch says in his Luther and other Leaders of the Reformation, "Nowhere else had the clergy reached such a pitch of flagrant and disgraceful iniquity and the Roman Catholic religion such an utter corruption of all that is good as in Scotland."

8¹¹⁴⁸ Bernard in Migne, 182:889, Th. Aq. Summa, II. 2, q. 189. Denifle, Luther und Lutherthum, I. 208, makes the monstrous charge of deliberate lying and knavery against Luther for his treatment of monkish baptism. Kolde: Denifle’s Beschimpfung M. Luthers, Leipz., 1904, pp. 33-49, shows the justice of Luther’s representations. Their truth is not affected by the statement of Joseph Ries: Das geistiche Leben nach der Lehre d. hl. Bernard, p. 86, namely that Bernard and the Church held that outside the convents there may be some who are in the state of perfection while inside cloistral walls there maybe those who are in the imperfect state.

9¹¹⁴⁹ Contra vanam curiositatem, Du Pin’s ed., 1728, I. 106 sqq.

0¹¹⁵⁰ Manuale curatorum predicandi praebens modum, 1503, quoted by Janssen, I. 38.

1¹⁵¹ Wolff’s and the Augsburger Beichtbüchlein, ed. Falk, pp. 78, 87; Gute Vermaninge, ed. by Bahlmann, p. 78; Nicholas Rum of Rostock as quoted by Janssen, I. 39. Der Spiegel des Sünders about 1470. See Geffcken, p. 69. Seelentrost, 1483, etc.

2¹¹⁵² Cruel, pp. 647, 652, closes his treatment of the German pulpit in the M. A. with the observation that the old view, reducing the amount of preaching in Germany in the 15th century, must be abandoned. Cruel’s view is now generally accepted by Protestant writers.

3¹¹⁵³ Jannsen, I:43.

4¹¹⁵⁴ Ullman: Reformers, etc., I. 229 sqq., classes him with the Reformers before the Reformation, and chiefly on the basis of his tract, De septem ecclesiae statibus.

5¹¹⁵⁵ Lives of Geiler by Abbé L. Dacheux, 1876, and Lindemann, 1877. For earlier biographies by Beatus Rhenanus, etc., see Lorenzi, I. 1. Geiler’s sermons have been issued by Dacheux:Die ältesten Schriften G.’s, Freib., 1882, and by Ph. de Lorenzi, 4 vols., Treves, 1881-1883, with a Life. See also Cruel, Deutsche Predigt, pp. 538-576; H. Hering: Lehrbuch der Homiletik, p. 81 sq., and Kawerau, in Herzog VI. 427-432, Janssen, I. 136 sqq.

6¹¹⁵⁶ A remarkable specimen of his power to play on words is given in his use of the word Affe, monkey, which he applied to ten different classes of the devil’s dupes. See Cruel, p. 543. Bischof, bishop, he derived from Beiss-schaf —bite-sheep—because prelates bit the sheep instead of taking them to pasture.

7¹¹⁵⁷ Kawerau, VI. 428.

8¹¹⁵⁸ See Lorenzi, II. 1-321.

9¹¹⁵⁹ Cruel, quoting Surgant, p. 635. Erasmus, Praise of Folly, p. 95, speaks of the preacher "spending his glass in telling pleasant stories.’

0¹¹⁶⁰ See Cruel’s chapter on pulpit polemics, pp. 617-629 and Janssen, I. 440 sqq. A preacher in Ulm, John Capistran, about 1450, was put by the aldermen in the lock-up for his excessive vehemence in condemning the prevailing luxury in dress and other questionable social customs.

1¹⁶¹ Praise of Folly, 141 sqq.

2¹¹⁶² Basel, ed. 1540, pp. 643-917.

3¹¹⁶³ Nichols: Erasmus’ Letters, II. 235.

4¹¹⁶⁴ W. G. Blaikie: The Preachers of Scotland, p. 36.

5¹¹⁶⁵ This group of men forms the subject of Ullmann’s notable work