Late Prehistoric Period
The development of horticultural communities marks the shift from the Middle Prehistoric to the
Late Prehistoric in the Prairie Lake Region. These civilizations introduced a new manner of life and
unprecedented cultural variety, cultural interactions, and population densities. Since the indigenous
terminal, the early horticulture village cultures appear to be migrants into the region. Woodland culture
differs considerably in important subsistence and artefact features, particularly pottery.
The emergence of Plains Village cultures in the eastern Plains has been linked to the initiation of
favourable environmental conditions for maize cultivation, whereas their eventual abandonment of large
areas of the eastern Plains has been linked to the onset of drought conditions unfavourable for maize
horticulture.
However, this climate paradigm for understanding Late Prehistoric cultural shifts has been called
into doubt. The blossoming of the Late Prehistoric village complexes occurs in the middle of the Neo-
Atlantic Climatic Episode, and the collapse of the majority of them happens far into the Pacific Episode.
The early Late Prehistoric cultural changes in the Prairie Lake Region are most likely best explained by
migrations into the region induced by extensive population growth. It is uncertain whether the
expansions were driven by the effective introduction of maize horticulture to the Midwest or by
continuous population expansion that enhanced horticultural dependency. Whichever the explanation,
the occurrence of a little more favourable climate for maize farming is most likely after the development
of maize varieties better suited to northern conditions and maybe the complementary introduction of
beans to meet nutritional demands not provided by maize (Anfinson 1997:124).
Regardless of any loss in the deer population or greater difficulty in practising horticulture, the
increasing availability of bison during the Pacific Episode made the eastern Plains a more appealing area
to reside in than during prior eras (Anfinson 1997:125). The region's Late Prehistoric economy was
based on a dual pattern of maize production and large animal hunting (Harvey 1979:37).
The impact of the invasion of horticulture settlements on the indigenous Prairie Lake inhabitants
is unanswered. For ages, the territory was most likely shared by Woodland, Plains village, and Oneota
peoples. The horticultural villagers appear to have fragmented the Prairie Lake Region. Oneota ruled
the eastern region, Cambria dominated the Minnesota River Valley, Great Oasis occupied the southwest,
and Big Stone dominated the northwest. Incursions by eastern groups into the region's western areas are
visible at modest campsites in southern Minnesota, where mixed upper layers contain terminal
Woodland, Plains Village, and Oneota elements. The horticulture villages' large settlements and
funerary sites, on the other hand, were restricted to the home regions.
The cultural change occurred in the Late Prehistoric Period not just due to climatic and
environmental factors but also as a result of contact between different horticulture cultures. Thus, as the
communities of Prairie and Cambria fell due to climate factors in the 1200s, a large growth of the Oneota
people from the east was observed.
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