Late Prehistoric Period
The changes during the Woodland period further developed in the Late Prehistoric Period,
forming the economic and cultural landscape that Europeans became acquainted with during the first
contact period. Lothson Gordon attributed the thunderbird, bison horn headdress man and battle scenes
in the Jeffers Petroglyphs to the Late Prehistoric period, which spanned 900-1750, based on Native
American history ethnography.
The more complex social, economic, and cultural structure of the Late Prehistoric Period than in
previous periods is also reflected in rock art. Unlike the Archaic period, when the economy was
dominated by hunting and gathering, the people of the Late Prehistoric Period of the Praire Lake region
were mainly engaged in horticulture. The economy of tribal communities living in villages and seasonal
camps consisted of seasonal agriculture, seasonal hunting, and seasonal gathering. Tribes on the borders
of the Praire and Woodland natural zones used the resources of both zones. Communities trying to make
the most of the riches of nature plant corn, bean and squash in spring, go bison hunting in mid-summer,
and gather plants and fruits in autumn.
Seasonality in economic life was also reflected in the social structure and management of the
tribes. For example, according to ethnographic data, the winter activities of the Ioway tribe, which has
a clan social organization, were managed by the elders of the bear clan, and the spring activities were
managed by the elders of the buffalo clan (Harvey 1979:53).
The economic prosperity caused by horticulture productivity in social life and the need to regulate
complex tribal life gave rise to the first stratification embryos. Tribal leaders, medicine man or woman,
and warriors are examples of this stratification.
Archaeological research, written and oral sources link the population of the Late Prehistoric
Period and the existing Native American tribes. The ethnographic data recorded during the first contact
with the Europeans can be used to interpret the rock carvings created by the people of the Late
Prehistoric Period, who have lived in a similar social and economic structure since the 10
th
century.
Climatic conditions were very important for horticultural communities engaged in seasonal
farming. High crop yields were possible under appropriate temperature, precipitation and other climatic
conditions. Tribal religious leaders performed various rituals and prayed for rain or sun from the holy
spirits to ensure this. Ethnographic records recorded by Europeans in contact with the Native population
during the first contact period also prove this:
1628 was a year of drought in the Huron country, and Toanché was among the places
hardest hit. When Tehorenhaegnon, who was one of the most famous shamans in the
region, failed to make rain, he announced that this was because the red-painted cross
that had been erected in front of Brébeuf's cabin was frightening the thunderbird and
causing the rain clouds to divide as they approached the village (Trigger 1976: 407-
408).
The thunderbird is a mythological creature in the ethnography of some indigenous peoples of
North America. It is seen as a supernatural entity of great power and strength.
Thunderbird is often
depicted as the X-shaped bird with its wings alongside its body and the head facing forward or
sideways.
As among the neighbouring Algonkian tribes, the thunder was believed to be a bird that lived
in the sky. When he came to earth to feed, the flapping of his wings created the sound of thunder. In
addition to exercising control over the rain, the thunderbird controlled bugs and other insects, which
multiplied in the dry season (Trigger 1969:103).
As can be seen, thunderbird in Native mythology combines the power of meteorological factors
such as lightning, rain, dry season, and control for bugs and insects. Archaeological and ethnographic
studies have revealed that the thunderbird phenomena was essential in the religious pantheon and
mythology of Native American cultures throughout the Late Prehistoric Period. The Late Prehistoric
Period lasted until European contact, spanning the years 900-1750. During this time, the indigenous
tribes of America's economy were mostly centred on horticulture, which was dependent on seasonal
precipitation. Indigenous people grew corn, gourd, and beans on river banks and in terraces, primarily
living in villages and seasonal camps. Traditional bison hunting was one of the key economic sectors
along with horticulture. Both areas of the economy were dependent on climatic circumstances and
required early forecasting of weather conditions. Ethnoclimotological research demonstrates that
indigenous people used animal behaviour, particularly bird activity, to forecast the weather. Thus, the
indigenous, who predicted whether it would rain, storm, or change seasons based on bird activity and
migration, envisioned the mythological bird as a thunderbird, a holy spirit endowed with the power of
the elements of climate.
Among the Assiniboine tribe, the Thunderbirds were the portion of the Great Power that the birds
of the air symbolized, and the thunder and lightning were caused by these as their manifestations. The
eagle and the various hawks were but other forms of the Thunderbird spirits. They were also the spirits
of hunting and warfare, and success in these fields was had only through them (Rodnick 1938:45).
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