Karshi state university

1.2Semi­-national verbs
Mental and sensual processes can be presented as actional or statal; they can be denoted either by correlated pairs of different verbs, or by the same verbal lexeme, e.g.: to know (mental perception) – to think (mental activity), to see, to hear (physical perception as such) - to look, to listen (physical perceptional activity); The cake tastes nice (taste Another subdivision of notional verbs is based on their aspective meaning: subdivision of all the verbs into two big groups: the so-called limitive verbs and unlimitive verbs. Limitive verbs present a process as potentially limited, directed towards reaching a certain border point, beyond which the process denoted by the verb is stopped or ceases to exist, e.g.: to come, to sit down, to bring, to drop, etc. Unlimitive verbs present the process as potentially not limited by any border point, e.g.: to go, to sit, to carry, to exist, etc. Some limitive and unlimitive verbs form semantically opposed pairs, denoting roughly the same actual process presented as either potentially limited or unlimited, cf.: to come – to go, to sit down – to sit, to bring – to carry; other verbs have no aspective counterparts, e.g.: to be, to exist (unlimitive), to drop (limitive). But the bulk of English verbs can present the action as either limitive or unlimitive in different contexts, e.g.: to build, to walk, to turn, to laugh, etc. Traditionally such verbs are treated as verbs of double, or mixed aspective nature. In terms of the theory of oppositions one can say that the lexical opposition between limitive and unlimitive verbs is easily neutralized; this makes the borderline between the two aspective groups of verbs rather loose, e.g.: Don’t laugh – this is a serious matter (unlimitive use, basic function of the verb laugh); He laughed and left the room (limitive use, neutralization). The aspective subdivision of the verbs is closely connected with the previously described subdivision of the verbs into actional and statal (limitive verbs can be only actional, while unlimitive verbs can denote both actions and states) and it is also grammatically relevant for the expression of the grammatical category of aspect. Grammatical categories of verbs B.A. Ilyish identifies six grammatical categories in present-day English verb: tense, aspect, mood, voice, person and number. L. Barkhudarov, D. Steling distinguish only the following grammatical categories: voice, order, aspect, and mood. Further they note, that the finite forms of the verb have special means expressing person, number and tense. So, in this question we do not find a generally accepted view-point. However, this reasoning is not convincing. This is especially clear in the sentences where the verb "will" is used as an auxiliary of the future tense and where at the same time, the meaning of volition is excluded by the context. E.g. I am so sorry, I am afraid I will have to go back to the hotel. The verb "will" cannot be said to preserve even the slightest shade of the meaning of volition here. It can have only one meaning-that of grammatical futurity. So the three main divisions of time are represented in the English verbal system by the three tenses. Each of them may appear in the common and in the continuous aspect. Thus we get six tense-aspect forms. The future-in-the-past does not find its place in the scheme based on the linear principle. It’s a deviation from this straight line: its starting point is not the present, from which the past and the future are reckoned, but the past itself. Hence, this system is considered to be deficient, not covering all lingual data. A different view of the English tense system has been put forward by Prof. N. Irtenyeva. According to this view, the system is divided into two halves: that of tenses centring in the present, and that of tenses centring in the past. The former would comprise the present, present perfect, future, present continuous, and present perfect continuous, whereas the latter would comprise the past, past perfect, future-in-the-past, past continuous, and past perfect continuous. The latter half is characterised by specific features: the root vowel (e.g. sang as against sing), and the suffix -d (or -t), e.g. looked, had sung, would sing, had been singing. This view has much to recommend it. It has the advantage of reducing the usual threefold division of tenses (past, present, and future) to a twofold division (past and present) with each of the two future tenses (future and future-in-the-past) included into the past or the present system, respectively. However, the cancellation of the future as a tense in its own right would seem to require a more detailed justification. Another theory of English tenses has been put forward by A. Korsakov. He establishes a system of absolute and anterior tenses, and of static and dynamic tenses. By dynamic tenses he means what we call tenses of the continuous aspect, and by anterior tenses what we call tenses of the perfect correlation. It is the author's great merit to have collected numerous examples, including such as do not well fit into formulas generally found in grammars. The evaluation of this system in its relation to other views has yet to be worked out. Linguists build up new systems of tenses in order to find a suitable place in them for future-in-the past. They express the idea that in English there exist two tense catergoriesVerb. Grammatical classes of the verb (functional classification of verbs): notional verbs, semi-notional verbs, functional verbs; their inner subdivisions. The valency of the verb; complementive and uncomplementive verbs. Ref.: M.Y. Blokh.
Grammatical classes of the verb
The class of verbs falls into a number of subclasses distinguished by different semantic and lexico-grammatical features.
I. the set of verbs of full nominative value (notional verbs) – it is derivationally open, it includes the bulk of the verbal lexicon.
II. the set of verbs of partial nominative value (semi-notional and functional verbs) - it is derivationally closed, it includes limited subsets of verbs characterised by individual relational properties. These verbs are predicators.
The "predicators" include
1) auxiliary verbs,
2) modal verbs,
3) semi-notional verbal introducer verbs,
4) link-verbs.

1) Auxiliary verbs constitute grammatical elements of the categorial forms of the verb. These are the verbs be, have, do, shall, will, should, would, may, might.
2) Modal verbs are used with the infinitive as predicative markers expressing relational meanings of the subject attitude type, i.e. ability, obligation, permission, advisability, probability.
The modal verbs can, may, must, shall, will, ought, need, used (to), dare are defective in forms, and are suppletively supplemented by stative groups (be able, be obliged, be allowed). The supplementation is effected both for the lacking finite forms and the lacking non-finite forms. Cf.:
The boys can prepare the play-ground themselves. ― The boys will be able to prepare the play-ground themselves. ― The boys' being able to prepare the play-ground themselves.
Semi-notional verbal introducers are verbs of discriminatory relational semantics – абстрактно описательной семантики - (seem, happen, turn out, etc.), verbs of subject-action relational semantics (try, fail, manage, etc.), of phasal semantics (begin, continue, stop, etc.).
"They began to fight" and "They began the fight". Whereas the verb in the first sentence is a semi-notional predicator, the verb in the second sentence is a notional transitive verb normally related to its direct object.
3) Link-verbs introduce the nominal part of the predicate (the predicative) which is expressed by a noun, an adjective, or a phrase.
They express the semantics of the connection of the predicative to the subject.
"pure link-verb" be and "specifying" link-verbs 1) “perceptional”: seem, appear, look, feel, taste; and 2) “factual”: become, get, grow, remain, keep.
The double predicate (these verbs are simultaneously link-verbs and notional):
The moon rose red.
Double meaning of the verb: The moon was red. The moon rose.
Notional verbs undergo the three main grammatically relevant categorisations.
I. On the subject-process relation: actional and statal verbs.
Actional verbs express the action performed by the subject as an active doer: do, act, perform, make, go, read, learn, discover, etc. Statal verbs denote the state of their subject: be, live, survive, worry, suffer, rejoice, stand, see, know, etc.
II. Aspective verbal semantics: terminative (to arrive, start, give) and nonterminative / durative (move, live, exist, continue).
Verbs of double aspective nature
they are capable of expressing either a "terminative" or "non-terminative" ("durative") meaning depending on the context:
He turned the corner and found himself among a busy crowd of people (terminative). The earth turns round the sun. (nonterminative)
III. The syntactic valency (combining power of words): . "complementive" or "uncomplementive", with further subcategorisations.
Verbal transitivity is the ability of the verb to take a direct object. The direct object is joined to the verb "directly", without a preposition. Verbal objectivity is the ability of the verb to take any object, be it direct, or prepositional, or that of addressee.
1. Uncomplementive verbs fall into two unequal subclasses of "personal" and "impersonal" verbs.
The personal uncomplementive verbs: work, start, pause, hesitate, act, function, materialise, laugh, cough, grow, scatter, etc.
The impersonal verbs: rain, snow, freeze, drizzle, thaw, etc.
Complementive verbs are divided into the predicative, objective and adverbial sets.
a) the predicative complementive verbs are: link-verbs be, become, grow, seem, appear, look, taste, etc.
b) the objective complementive verbs are divided into monocomplementive verbs (taking one object-complement) and bicomplementive verbs (taking two complements).
c) adverbial complementive verbs include two main subclasses. The first is verbs taking an adverbial complement of place or of time, e.g. be, live, stay, go, ride, arrive. The second is verbs taking an adverbial complement of manner, e.g. act, do, keep, behave, get on. The verb is the most complex part of speech and has the central role mostly due to the expression of the predicative functions of the sentence. The predicative functions imply establishing the connection between the situation named in the utterance and the reality.
The verb is inherent not only in the complex structure of its grammatical categories but also in its various subclass divisions: the finite set and the non-finite set.
As for the outward structure, the verb may be:
The year I was born my mother travelled to West Greenland and brought home the girl‟s name Millaaraq. Because it reminded Moritz of the Danish word mild, which didn‟t exist in the vocabulary of his love relationship with my mother, because he wanted to transform everything Greenlandic into something that would make it European and familiar, and because I apparently had smiled at him – the boundless trust of an infant, which comes from the fact that she still doesn‟t know what‟s in store for her – my parents agreed on Smillaaraq. With the wear and tear that time subjects all of us to, it was shortened to Smilla..  For Smilla‟s reflecting on her current situation the passage uses present tenses, as in English. For remembering aspects of her past life, Smilla is made to use past tenses (non/perfective, punctual and durative aspects).  What sounded unusual for English (probably because the English version reflects cohesive links of the original) was the sequence of the causal connectives in the third paragraph: x. because y [z, because f], and because n, m. I somehow had difficulty tracing how causes and effects are paired. Greek CAN take embeddings and winding subordination, it‟s just that it would be more appropriate if links were made more explicit. The Greek text reads as follows: The year I was born my mother had travelled to West Greenland and brought home the girl‟s name [Millaaraq. This, Because it reminded Moritz of the Danish word mild], a word [which didn‟t exist in the vocabulary of his love relationship with my mother, because he wanted to transform everything Greenlandic into something that Main notional parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. Members of these four classes are often connected derivationally. Functional parts of speech are prepositions, conjunctions, articles, interjections & particles.would make it European and familiar], and [because I apparently smiled at him – …– my parents agreed on Smillaaraq]. With the wear and tear that time brings, Smillaaraq became Smilla. Imagine that Peter Høeg and the English publisher of this novel have commissioned you and various other translators to render a number of passages, including this one, into your target language(s) in order to establish whether the English translation can serve as a source text in situations where translators from Danish (for example into languages like Ukranian or Kurdish) are unlikely to be available. When you have translated it, comment on the relevant difficulties and the strategies you used to convey the function(s) of each tense and the impact of the switch in tenses. Your comments need to be clear and accessible, because they will be passed on to the translators who will eventually be commissioned to render the full novel into a range of languages. Main notional parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. Members of these four classes are often connected derivationally. Functional parts of speech are prepositions, conjunctions, articles, interjections & particles.
Verbs are words that express action or state of being. There are three types of verbs: action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs. Action Verbs Action verbs are words that express action (give, eat, walk, etc.) or possession (have, own, etc.). Action verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. Transitive Verbs A transitive verb always has a noun that receives the action of the verb, called the direct object. EXAMPLE: Laurissa raises her hand. The verb is raises. Her hand is the object receiving the verb’s action. Therefore, raises is a transitive verb. Transitive verbs sometimes have indirect objects, which name the object to whom or for whom the action was done. EXAMPLE: Abdus gave Becky the pencil. The verb is gave. The direct object is the pencil. (What did he give? The pencil.) The indirect object is Becky. (To whom did he give it? To Becky.) Intransitive Verbs An intransitive verb never has a direct or indirect object. Although an intransitive verb may be followed by an adverb or adverbial phrase, there is no object to receive its action. EXAMPLE: Laurissa rises slowly from her seat. The verb is rises. The phrase, slowly from her seat, modifies the verb, but no object receives the action. Transitive or Intransitive? To determine whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, follow these two steps: 1. Find the verb in the sentence. EXAMPLE 1: Dustin will lay down his book. What is the action? will lay EXAMPLE 2: His book will lie there all day. What is the action? will lie 2. Ask yourself, “What is receiving the action of the verb?” If there is a noun receiving the action of the verb, then the verb is transitive. If there is no direct object to receive the action, and if the verb does not make sense with a direct object, then it is intransitive. EXAMPLE 1: Dustin will lay down his book. Dustin will lay down what? his book. Since the verb can take a direct object, it is transitive. EXAMPLE 2: His book will lie there all day. His book will lie what? nothing. It does not make sense to “lie something.”
Verbs may be transitive and intransitive.
Verbs have finite forms which can be used as the predicate of a sentence and non-finite forms which cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence.