Karshi state university

CHAPTER II
2.1Defination of notional verb:
While she stood hesitating, the door opened, and an old man came forth with one hand. (Hardy) A verb can also have some aspect characteristics depending solely on is lexical meaning. Accordingly verbs are divided into terminative, non-terminative and verbs of double lexical (aspect) character.
1. Terminative verbs denote an action implying a certain limit beyond which it cannot go. Here belong simple and composite verbs, such as to come, to bring, to build, to give, to take, to receive, to find, to fall, to kill, to die, to become, to stand up, to sit down, to come to. They can correspond both to Russian verbs of imperfective and of perfective
aspect: to come — омадан, to build — сохтан; to give — додан; to die — мурдан.
He went to the kitchen and brought him a cake and a plate of biscuits. (Carter)
Every head turned. Row after row of men and women stood up to see who it was making his way to the front. (Carter)
2. Non-terminative verbs denote a certain action which does not imply any limit. Here belong such verbs as to live, to exist, to sleep, to love, to be, to have_y to possess, to work, to speak, to respect, to hope, to sit, etc.
They correspond to Russian verbs of imperfective aspect only: to live — зиндаги кардан, to exist —вучуд доштан, to sleep — хоб рафтан.
She sat erect in the hard chair, her gloved hands gracefully folded in her lap. (Carter)
2. Verbs of double lexical character in certain contexts have a ter- minative meaning, and in others, a non-terminative meaning. Here belong such verbs as to see, to hear; to write, to read, to translate.
Arthur looked round the room, saw that everything was hidden, and unlocked the door. (Voynich) — Артур ба даруни хона нигарист ва диди ки хамачиз бачо карда шудааст ва дарро кушод. I don’t believe in fairies. I never see any. (Galsworthy) — ман ба фея бовари надорам, ман онхоро хечгох надидаам . As has already been mentioned, the verb has the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood.
In Modern English there are but few forms indicating person and number in the synthetic forms of the verb. These are:
1.The third person singular Present Indefinite Indicative — he speaks.
2.The third person singular of the verb to have.
He has a posh car. I/You/We/They have posh cars.
§ 8. The category of tense is very clearly expressed in the forms of the English verb. This category denotes the relation of the action either to the moment of speaking or to some definite moment in the past or future. The category of tense and the category of aspect are intermingled.
The category of aspect shows the way in which the action develops, whether it is in progress or completed, etc. In Russian the category of aspect predominates, and the category of tense is subordinated to it. In English contrariwise the category of tense predominates and aspect is subordinated to it. Some of the English tenses denote time relations, others denote both time and aspect relations. There are four groups of tenses: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous. The Indefinite form has no aspect characteristics whatever, the Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous forms denote both time and aspect relations. Each of these forms includes four tenses: Present, Past, Future and Future in the Past, i. e. future from the point of view of the past. Thus there are 16 tenses in English. Voice is the category of the verb which indicates relation of the predicate to the subject and the object.There are three voices in English: the active voice, the passive voice, and the neuter-reflexive voice. (In many textbooks of today only two voices — the active and the passive — are distinguished.)The active voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject is the doer of the action expressed by the predicate.The passive voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject is acted upon.The neuter-reflexive voice shows that the action expressed by the predicate passes on to the subject. This voice is formed by means of a reflexive pronoun.Helen lifted herself up and looked towards nurse. (Gaskell) The truth was, Mary was dressing herself. (Gaskell)
§10. Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality.
We distinguish the indicative mood, the imperative mood, and the subjunctive mood.(For detailed treatment see Chapter VII, Mood.) Verb be is used as an auxiliary verb and it can also be used as a main verb. The verb be is irregular. It has eight different forms: be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been. The present simple and past simple tenses make more changes than those of other verbs.

he grammatical Subject has a number of characteristics which we will examine here. 1. Subject-Verb Inversion In a declarative sentence, the Subject comes before the verb: Declarative: David is unwell When we change this into a yes/no interrogative, the Subject and the verb change places with each other:

Начало формы Click here to see Exercises how the subject and verb change places Конец формы

If an auxiliary verb is present, however, the Subject changes places with the auxiliary: Declarative: Jim has left already Interrogative: Has Jim left already? In this interrogative, the Subject still comes before the main verb, but after the auxiliary. This is true also of interrogatives with a do-auxiliary: Declarative: Jim left early Interrogative: Did Jim leave early? Subject-verb inversion is probably the most reliable method of identifying the Subject of a sentence. 2. Position of the Subject In a declarative sentence, the Subject is usually the first constituent: