The English civil war and the Economic development in England.
The scientific Revolutions of the 16th and 17th Century A.D.
Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism.
The proletariat Revolution of 1917 in Russia : Causes and effects.
Unit-II 20 Marks
Renaissance – Meaning, Causes, Spread of Renaissance in Europe, Humanism, Art, Literature, New ideas etc.
Geographical Discoveries and colonial expansion, causes, Course and early colonial voyages of Spain and Portugal, English colonial establishments, impact of the explorations.
Reformation-Meaning of Reformation, causes, Martin Luther and protestant movement in Germany. Reformation in England under Henry VIII and Elizabeth Tudor, Reformation in France and Switzerland.