Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology

Uzbekistan State World Languages University
MA course “ Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology” // Tukhtakhodjaeva Z.T.

Student’s full name__ Ozodboyeva Maftunaxon Group No____16___


SEMINAR 13: Phraseology in the language world picture: linguocultural approach
Topics for discussion:

• 
  The interrelationship of the language and culture
  
• 
  The notion of linguocultureme and its interpretation
  
• 
  The language world picture and nationally specific realia
  
• 
  Role of PhU in revealing cultural stereotypes and standards
  

Task 1: Answer the following questions:

1. 
   What do you understand as culture?
   

The beliefs, way of life, art, and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a particular society.

2. 
   How are the language and culture related?
   

The concepts of language and culture seem different from each other. Language focuses on spoken and written expressions while culture focuses on the identity of a certain group of people. But these concepts are homologous to each other. Both of them share the realities, behaviours, and human values of a specific group of people.

As these two concepts evolve, they influence each other in a way that they become inseparable. Culture is the result of people interacting with each other while language is the cultural manifestation of a certain group of people. If you take out one concept, the other may not survive.

3. 
   What meaning components can reflect culture in phraseological units?
   

Phraseological units are linguistic units that express information about culture, national mentality. The component of the cultural meaning of the phraseological meaning, the expression of the evaluative attitude, provides information about the national mentality, ethnoculture of a nation. In general, phraseology is a vivid expression of the way of life, culture, enlightenment, national mentality of a nation. Phraseological units are a source of information about the culture of peoples and a bright language unit that expresses the nationalcultural specific linguoculture.

The component of the cultural meaning of the phraseological meaning is the assessment of the attitude, which provides information about the national mentality, ethnoculture of a nation. In general, phraseology is a vivid expression of the way of life, culture, enlightenment, national

mentality of a nation.

4. 
   What is a linguocultureme and what examples of Uzbek ones do you know?
   

Linguocultureme is a basic unit Which conveys cultural information.

Linguocultureme – is a complex, interlevel language unit, a dialectical unit of both linguistic and extralinguistic factors, the correlation between the form of a verbal sign, its semantic content and cultural sense linguoculturemes can be expressed by various language forms including words, word combinations, text fragments, phraseological units, stylistic devices, syntactical structures and even the whole text. The sources of linguoculturemes can be different in every culture, for example, realia, geographical position, descriptive text, names of famous people, description of place, myths, legends, climate, images, beliefs, food, clothes customs and traditions. 
. Vocabulary and lacunae without alternatives. In any language or dialect, there will be words that

cannot be translated into one language by another. Such words are called lexicons without alternatives: like pilaf, patir, surpa, doppi. Where a word in one language cannot find an alternative in another, alacuna always occurs. Lacuna (lat. Lacuna - space, depth) is a space in which no alternative word isfound in the translation

5. 
   What examples of English phraseological linguoculturemes do you remember from previous seminar tasks?
   

Every Jack has his Jill

Achilles’s heel
Dark horse
Green-eyed monster
Pandora’s box
A white elephant

2. Mythological language units. These are archetypes, mythologies, customs and legends, customs and traditions.

3. The paremiological fund of language. This includes proverbs and sayings. For example, Меҳмон

келар эшикдан, ризқи келар тешикдан (the guest comes from the door, the food comes from the

hole)

4. Phraseological fund of language. For example, stretching your legs towards the bed.

5. Parables, symbols, stereotypes. For example, meekness like a sheep, a cross, the order of the

Germans, the hospitality of the Uzbeks, the stubbornness of the Kazakhs.

6. Metaphors and images. Image is an important linguistic essence that provides basic information

about the connection between words and culture. Imagery is a real feature of language units that creates

in our minds the ability to embody “pictures”.

7. The stylistic layer of languages. The existence of an interaction between literary language and nonliterary language forms influences all stages of development of the cultural history of a society.

8. Verbal communication.

9. Speech etiquette. Rules of social and cultural speech in human relations

The phrase "you look warm to my eyes" is used only figuratively. Anyone who sees a person in one place

will not meet him for a long time. But by chance they see it again somewhere, but can't remember where

they saw it. At that time, this phrase is used. The use of the word "hot" in this sense is typical of the

Uzbek nation.

6. 
   What functions do realia phraseologisms perform in the language and speech?
   

The functions of realia phraseologisms are giving informations about
cultural and material aspects influencing the shaping of a certain language

The term realia has been suggested by S.I. Vlakhov and S.P. Florin [7]. The term has evolved to refer to objects, customs, habits and other cultural and material aspects influencing the shaping of a certain language. Realia can be discussed in frames of equivalentlacking units. Equivalent-lacking units are those concepts lacking in the target language and culture. They are also sometimes referred to as untranslatable units.

Depending on the criteria used several classifications of realia are distinguished in the current linguistic research.

Olga Denti outlines three types of realia:

1. Geography: physical geography (pampa, fjord, mistral, steppe, tornado, tsunami); geographic objects tied to man’s activity (polder); endemic species (kiwi, koala, sequoia). 2. Ethnography: everyday life (paprika, spaghetti, empanada, sauna, kimono); work (carabinieri, concierge, machete, trade union); art and culture (tarantella, banjo, gong, commedia, allegro, Santa Claus, vampire, murals); ethnic characterizations (cockney, gringo, yankee); measures and money (mile, kilometer, lira, peseta, talent). 3. Politics and society: administrative divisions (region, province, county, department, state, promenade); organs and functions (agora, forum, дума, senate, chancellor, царь, pharaoh); politics and social life (Ku Klux Klan, lobbying, lord, untouchables, samurai); military (cohort, phalanx, marines) [12].

Peter Newmark suggest the classification of foreign cultural words, establishing such categories: ecology (flora, fauna, winds, climate); material culture (food, clothes, houses, towns, transport); social culture (work and leisure); organizations, customs, activities, procedures or concepts(which include artistic, religious, political and administrative subcategories); gestures and habits [3](Newmark, 1998: 46).

According to Tomakhin, the classification of realia are: geography, ethnographic, folklore, mythology, everyday life, politics and society, history. In his book, “Реалии Американизмы”, he suggested several types

and subtypes of realia. For example, Chapter IV is about education, religion and culture of realia. It includes education, religion, literature, theatre and cinema, art, musical culture
In Uzbek . Realia

Chimildiq - muqaddas joy. Unga xiyonat qilishni hayolingizga ham keltirmang.

Chimildik is a sacred place for you. Don’t think about betraying. Chimildik. Uzb.

chimildiq and po‘pak the same popuk – fringe] A fringed curtain used in marriage ceremony

Cultural issues may arise from differences between cultural references, such as names of food, festivals and cultural connotations, in general. The translator will use language localization to correctly adapt the translation to the culture targeted.

Supadagi xontaxta oldiga borib o‘tirdim. Dasturxonda to‘nkarib qolgan ikkita piyola bilan choynakdan bolak narsa yo‘q edi. [4, p 22]

I came and sat at the xontaxta. There were only a tea pot and two cups on it.

(Xontaxta — household item; the form of the low table may be rectangular or circular. It is used as a kitchen table. It is also called “low table”.)

Any literary work appears on the national ground, reflects national interest, problems, and features.

Passing from one nation to another literature enriches and extends the notion of peoples about each other. It is one of the most difficult cases to convey national coloring. Owing to the translation, very important literary

works were able to appear in many other countries and became available for people speaking other languages.

The translation helps mutual knowing and peoples' enrichment.

Insofli odamlar bevaga choyxona yonboshidagi pastak hujrani ajratib berishgan.

Honest people in the village gave a small house to the widow near the choyxona.[4, p 36]

“Choyxona” The teahouse is a public cafeteria designed primarily for drinking tea. Widespread in Central Asian countries, Iran and Turkey. Alcohol drinks are not sold there.)

- Kechqurun o‘sma ezib qo’yuvdim. Shu savil qurib qolmasin, deb qoshimga qo'ya qoluvdim.

In the evening, I squeezed some tumor (usma). In order not to spoil it, I polished it on my eyebrows.

Sovchi degan gap qayoqdan chiqqan? - Guli jahl bilan qo’l siltadi. - Hali unisi keladi qiyshayib, hali bunisi keladi, tugunini osiltirib! [4, p50]

-Why do we need sovchi?-Guli shook her hands with nervous. I don’t need them. But, they are coming, coming, coming without getting permission.

(Sovchi-it may be he or she, who can go to someone’s house to ask their

daughter for a bride. Usually, uncles, aunts, or one of the relatives are asked to visit there in order to ask agreement for getting married.)

The task of the translator is to find and rail the essence of national peculiarities and specific character.

Correct conveying of these nationality elements opens the way to reveal internationality in the work.