Term
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Meaning
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Additional estimates
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A process through which the parliament may appropriate more funds to portfolios if the amounts appropriated at Budget time are insufficient. There can also be supplementary additional estimates.
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Administered items/ administered appropriations
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Expenses, revenues, assets or liabilities managed by agencies on behalf of the Commonwealth. Administered expenses include grants, subsidies and benefits, and may fund the delivery of third party outputs. For example, the department administers appropriations for the Australian Government’s Natural Heritage Trust to provide grants. This annual report refers to appropriations for administered items as ‘administered appropriations.
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Administrative Arrangements Orders (AAOs)
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Formally allocate executive responsibility among ministers. They set out which matters and legislation are administered by which department or portfolio. AAOs are re-issued or amended to take into account changes in the structure of government.
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Appropriations
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Authorisations by the parliament to spend monies from the Consolidated Revenue Fund. Two appropriation Bills are introduced into parliament in May and comprise the Budget. Further Bills are introduced later in the financial year as part of the additional estimates.
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Assessment approach decisions
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Section 87 of the EPBC Act requires the minister to determine an assessment approach for matters that the minister has decided are ‘controlled actions’. The minister’s decisions on the assessment approach to be used to assess a particular controlled action will reflect the nature and complexity of this action. The assessment approaches used under the EPBC Act are: assessment on the information provided in the proponents’ referral; assessment on preliminary documentation (including information in the proponent’s referral and other relevant information); accredited assessments under bilateral agreements with the states and territories; assessment by environmental impact statement or public environment report, and assessment by public inquiry. The assessments under these approaches are used by the minister to determine whether to approve the controlled action.
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Basin Plan
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The Water Act 2007 requires that the Murray-Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) develops and oversees the Basin Plan for the integrated management of basin water resources. The Basin Plan provides limits on the quantity of water that may be taken from the Basin water resources.
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Basin states
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The Basin states are Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. The Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council was established under the Murray-Darling Basin Agreement, Schedule 1 to the Water Act 2007. Membership of the Ministerial Council comprises the Commonwealth Water Minister, who also chairs the Ministerial Council, and one minister from each of the Basin states (and one territory). The Murray-Darling Basin Authority manages the water resources of the Murray-Darling Basin in conjunction with the Basin states through a number of programs.
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Biodiscovery
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Biodiscovery is the examination of biological resources (e.g. plants, animals, microorganisms) for characteristics that may have wider application and/or commercial value.
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Biodiversity
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In essence means the variety of life. The term ‘biodiversity’ is a contraction of, and synonymous with, ‘biological diversity’. Biological diversity is defined in Article 2 of the Convention on Biological Diversity to mean ‘the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems’ (a similar definition appears in the glossary to the Ramsar Convention on wetlands).
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Bioregion
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A geographic area characterised by a combination of physical and biological characteristics; for example, terrain, climate and ecological communities. The glossary of terms related to the Convention on Biological Diversity provides the following definition: ‘a territory defined by a combination of biological, social, and geographic criteria, rather than geopolitical considerations; generally, a system of related, interconnected ecosystems’. The term ‘bioregion’ is a contraction of biogeographic region and is usually synonymous with that term. Bioregions are a useful way to analyse patterns of biodiversity. The definition of a particular bioregion depends on the scale at which its characteristic features are measured.
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Biota
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In ecology, the plant and animal life of a region.
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Biotechnology
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Any technology which introduces organisms or parts of organisms into industrial processes, agriculture or pharmacology or into services such as waste recycling.
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Bycatch
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Accidental or incidental catch taken by fishers (non-target species).
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Carbon credit
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A tradeable unit corresponding to one metric tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. Participants in the Carbon Farming Initiative will be issued with Australian Carbon Credit Units.
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Carbon market
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A generic term for a trading system in which governments or private organisations may buy and sell carbon credits in an effort to meet limits on emissions.
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Cetaceans
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Whales, dolphins and porpoises.
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Commonwealth Heritage List
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Comprises places that are owned or controlled by the Australian Government and have natural, Indigenous and/or historic heritage values under the EPBC Act. These include places connected to defence, communications, customs and other government activities that also reflect Australia’s development as a nation.
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Commonwealth protected area
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A marine or terrestrial area protected under Commonwealth legislation, including a World Heritage Area, National Heritage place, Marine Protected Area, Ramsar Wetland, Indigenous Protected Area, and other areas within the National Reserve System.
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Controlled action
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A decision taken by the department or minister after looking at a development proposal that determines a full environmental assessment is needed.
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Controlled substance licence
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A licence required to manufacture, import or export HCFCs, methyl bromide, HFCs and PFCs.
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Corporate governance
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The process by which agencies are directed, controlled and held to account. It is generally understood to encompass authority, accountability, stewardship, leadership, direction and control.
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Cryosphere
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Refers collectively to the portions of the Earth where water is in solid form. It includes snow cover, floating ice, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, seasonally frozen ground and perennially frozen ground (permafrost).
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Dendroglyphs
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Carved burial and initiation trees.
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Departmental items/ departmental appropriations
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Assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses that are controlled by agencies in providing their outputs. Departmental items would generally include computers, plant and equipment assets used by agencies in providing goods and services, and most employee expenses, supplier costs and other administrative expenses incurred. This annual report refers to appropriations for departmental items as ‘departmental appropriations’.
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Desalination
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The process of removing excess salt and other minerals from water in order to obtain freshwater suitable for human consumption and other purposes.
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Discretionary grants
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Payments made to particular applicants, either organisations or individuals, at the discretion of the portfolio minister or the paying agency. The definition of discretionary grants does not include service agreements, which are treated as contracts rather than grants; intra-Australian Government agency funding; payments to states and other government agencies (specific purpose payments) and inter-government transfers; payments to overseas aid organisations; government income support programs; emergency payment programs; grants under commercial industry development programs (including to increase research and development, and assist exporters); grant programs specifically for educational institutions and medical research institutions; grants approved by Australian Government bodies outside the general government sector; or payments of a specific sum of money or a fixed percentage of shared funding to an organisation or individual that are made according to a Cabinet decision, a letter from the Prime Minister, or a determination of a ministerial council.
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Due diligence
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A process undertaken to verify the accuracy and completeness of information in relation to a potential business decision.
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Ecological communities
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Naturally occurring group of species inhabiting a common environment, interacting with each other especially through food relationships and relatively independent of other groups. Ecological communities may vary in size, and larger ones may contain smaller ones. In the EPBC Act they are defined as assemblages of native species that inhabit particular areas in nature.
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Ecologically sustainable
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Describes activities that meet present needs without compromising the ability to meet future needs because of damage to the environment. For example, the National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development defines ecologically sustainable development as ‘using, conserving and enhancing the community’s resources so that ecological processes, on which life depends, are maintained, and the total quality of life, now and in the future, can be increased’. The EPBC ACT defines ecologically sustainable use of natural resources as ‘use of the natural resources within their capacity to sustain natural processes while maintaining the life-support systems of nature and ensuring that the benefit of the use to the present generation does not diminish the potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations’.
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Ecosystem
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A dynamic combination of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment (e.g. soil, water and the climatic regime) interacting as a functional unit. Examples of types of ecosystems include forests, wetlands, grasslands and tundra.
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Ecotoxicology
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Seeks to understand how toxic chemicals (toxicants) affect the structure and function of natural ecological systems (populations, communities and ecosystems). The Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist ecotoxicology program investigates the risks and impacts of pollutants (toxicants) to the highly valued wetland ecosystems of northern Australia.
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Endemic species
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An animal or plant species whose habitat is restricted to a particular area or space on the globe. This general term is used for a range of creatures including mammal species, reptile species, bird species and insect species. Details on an endemic species may differ depending on what kind of animal or plant is being referenced. Generally, an endemic species is a focus point for helping to protect biodiversity in a given environment.
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Enforceable undertaking
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May be applied under section 486DA of the EPBC Act, where the minister considers that an action contravenes a civil penalty provision of Part 3 of the Act. The minister may accept a written undertaking by a person to pay a specified amount within a specified period to the Commonwealth, or another specified person, to protect and conserve the matter covered by the civil penalty provision.
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Environmental impact assessment
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An assessment of the possible impact of a proposed action undertaken to enable environment and heritage protection and biodiversity conservation.
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Environmental water
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Water provided for the environment to sustain, and where necessary, restore ecological processes and biodiversity of water dependent ecosystems.
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Essential uses licence
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May be granted under the EPBC Act for the import, export or manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), halons, CH3CCl3 (methyl chloroform), CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) and bromochloromethane (BCM) for uses which meet a very limited range of essential use criteria, including laboratory and analytical use. Essential uses licences are subject to quantitative restrictions and reporting requirements.
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Expenses
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Total value of all of the resources consumed in producing goods and services.
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Finalised Priority Assessment List (FPAL)
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The list of nominated species, ecological communities and key threatening processes that have been approved for assessment by the minister for a particular assessment year (1 October–30 September). Each item included on the FPAL is assessed by the Threatened Species Scientific Committee against a set of criteria, and at the completion of the assessment the Committee provides a ‘listing advice’ to the minister for decision, as well as a ‘conservation advice’ that outlines immediate conservation priorities.
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Financial results
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The results shown in the financial statements of an agency.
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Flow controller
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A device designed to regulate the flow of water so as to maintain a constant flow rate over a given range of pressures.
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Forward osmosis
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The passage of a solvent through a semi-permeable partition into a more concentrated solution.
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Geographic information system (GIS)
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An information system for capturing, storing, analysing, managing and presenting data that are spatially referenced (linked to location). GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user created searches), analyse spatial information, edit data, maps and present the results of all these operations.
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Gigalitre (GL)
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One gigalitre is equal to 1 000 megalitres and one megalitre is equal to one million litres.
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Greenhouse gases
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Heat-trapping gases that are a natural part of the atmosphere. They maintain higher temperatures at the earth’s surface than would otherwise be possible. This phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect. Water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Its concentration is highly variable and human activities have little direct impact on its amount in the atmosphere. Humans have most impact on carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Various artificial chemicals such as halocarbons also make a small contribution to climate change. The earth’s climate is warming. Scientists agree that some of this warming is due to human activities – particularly burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and land clearing – increasing the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
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Hydrological connectivity
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The ability of water to move from one location to another, thereby facilitating the transfer of matter, energy and organisms.
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Indigenous Protected Area (IPA)
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An area of Indigenous-owned land or sea where traditional owners have entered into an agreement with the Australian Government to promote biodiversity and cultural resource conservation.
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Invasive species
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A species occurring beyond its accepted normal distribution and which threatens valued environmental, agricultural, marine or social resources by the damage it causes.
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La Niña
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The term ‘La Niña’ has recently become the conventional meteorological label for the opposite of the better known El Niño. The term La Niña refers to the extensive cooling of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean.
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Longitudinal connectivity
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The upstream-downstream connection of water along a channel.
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Machinery of Government (MOG) changes
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Describes a variety of organisational or functional changes affecting the Commonwealth. Some common examples of MOG changes are:
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changes to the Administrative Arrangements Order following a Prime Ministerial decision to abolish or create a department or to move functions/ responsibilities between departments/agencies
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creation of a new statutory agency or executive agency, or abolition of such agencies
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movement of functions into, or out of, the Australian Public Service.
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Managed aquifer recharge
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Involves adding a water source such as recycled water to underground aquifers under controlled conditions.
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Marine benthic environment
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Refers to all marine organisms living upon or in the bottom of the ocean.
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Marine protected area
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Parts of the ocean that are managed specifically to protect and maintain marine biodiversity and cultural heritage. These areas are reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the marine environment (also known as marine reserve or marine park).
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Matters of national environmental significance (NES)
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The matters of national environmental significance protected under the EPBC Act are:
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listed threatened species and communities
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listed migratory species
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Ramsar wetlands of international importance
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Commonwealth marine environment
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world heritage properties
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national heritage places
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the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
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nuclear actions.
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Megalitres (ML)
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One megalitre is equal to one million litres.
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National Heritage List
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A written record of the places and their heritage values which the minister is satisfied have one or more National Heritage values.
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Not controlled action – particular manner
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Under the EPBC Act, in a not controlled action – particular manner decision there is no approval required but the action must be undertaken in the particular manner specified in the referral. This provision may be used when there is clear evidence that a particular mitigation or avoidance measure will avoid significant impacts. Penalties apply to breaches of ‘particular manner’ decisions.
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Nutrient cycling
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The cycling through an ecosystem of minerals, compounds, or elements that promote biological growth or development.
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Oil and dispersant trajectory modelling
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Modelling to show where and how far oil and dispersant would go in the event of an oil spill/leak.
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Operating costs
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Expenses associated with the day-to-day operation of the department.
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Outcomes
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The intended results, impacts or consequences of actions by the government on the Australian community. They are listed in agencies’ portfolio budget statements and portfolio additional estimates statements.
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Ozone-depleting substances (ODS)
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Substances that deplete the earth’s protective ozone layer. They are widely used in refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers, dry cleaning, as solvents for cleaning, electronic equipment and as agricultural fumigants. Ozone-depleting substances include chlorofluorocarbons, halon, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and methyl bromide. Countries have agreed to phase out ozone-depleting substances through the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Some industries that use ozone-depleting substances are replacing those substances with synthetic greenhouse gases.
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Persistent organic pollutants
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Hazardous and environmentally persistent substances that can be transported between countries by the earth’s oceans and atmosphere. The substances bioaccumulate and have been traced in the fatty tissues of humans and other animals. Persistent organic pollutants include dieldrin, polychlorinated byphenyls, DDT, dioxins and furans. Countries have agreed to control the manufacture and trade of persistent organic pollutants through the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
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Phytophthora
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Phytophthora (from Greek phytón, ‘plant’ and phthorá, ‘destruction’; ‘the plant-destroyer’) is a genus of plant-damaging Oomycetes (water moulds), whose member species are capable of causing enormous economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental damage in natural ecosystems.
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PM10
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Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometres.
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Portfolio budget statements (PBS)
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Detailed information on the resources available and the planned performance of each agency within a portfolio. The PBS includes expenditure and revenue estimates for the current financial year, the budget year and the three forward years. The PBS informs Senators, Members and the public of the proposed allocation of resources to government outcomes. The PBS provides an important means by which the Executive Government remains accountable to the Parliament.
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Pre-charged equipment licence
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A licence is required to import into Australia refrigeration and/or air conditioning equipment that contains a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) or hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerant.
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Procurement
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Encompasses the whole process of acquiring property and services. Procurement involves the processes of developing a business case, including risk assessment, identifying and evaluating alternative solutions, approaching the market, assessing tenders or quotes, contract award, delivery of and payment for the property and services and, where relevant, the ongoing management of a contract and consideration of options related to the contract. Procurement also extends to the ultimate disposal of property at the end of its useful life.
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Product stewardship
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Recognises that manufacturers, importers and others who benefit from making and selling a product share some responsibility for the environmental impacts of that product.
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Programs
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Agencies deliver programs which are the government actions that are taken to deliver the stated outcomes. Agencies are required to identify the programs that contribute to government outcomes over the budget and forward years.
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Ramsar listing
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A Ramsar listing denotes the inclusion of a wetland area on the List of Wetlands of International Importance – an inventory prescribed by the Convention on Wetlands (more commonly known as the Ramsar Convention, which was signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971). As one of the original contracting parties to the Convention, Australia has designated 65 sites for this list.
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Remnant vegetation
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One or more areas of largely intact (structurally and/or compositionally) native vegetation which remains after the removal (usually by clearing) of parts of a natural area.
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Revenue
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The total value of resources earned or received to cover the production of goods and services.
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Riparian
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Vegetation situated on the banks of watercourses. In central Australia, where watercourses are usually dry, riparian communities often extend across the bed of the creek or river. The major threats to riparian communities are introduced weeds and fire.
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River benches
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A terrace or step that extends along the side of a valley and represents a former level of the valley floor. It generally has a flat top made up of sedimentary deposits and a steep fore edge, and it may be the remains of an old floodplain, cut through by the river and left standing above the present floodplain level.
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Sclerophyll
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A typically Australian vegetation type having plants with hard, short and often spiky leaves. They occur in a band around Australia from southern Queensland to the south-west of Western Australia. Sclerophyll is a Greek word meaning ‘hard-leaved’ (sclero = hard; phyllon = leaf). The hardness in the leaves comes from lignin and prevents the leaves from wilting in dry conditions. However, Australian sclerophyllous plants evolved in response to low levels of soil phosphorus, not to low levels of moisture.
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Shipping days
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24 hour period during which a ship is under charter to the Australian Antarctic Division.
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Special appropriations
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Moneys appropriated by the parliament in an Act separate to an annual Appropriation Act, where the payment is for a specified amount. For example, the department receives special appropriations under laws that require industry to pay a levy on the import of ozone-depleting substances. Special appropriations are not subject to annual budget control by the parliament, unlike the annual appropriations.
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Sustainable diversion limits
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The maximum long-term annual average quantities of water that can be taken, on a sustainable basis, from Murray-Darling Basin water resources as a whole, and from the water resources, or particular parts of the water resources, of each water resource plan area in the basin.
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Synthetic greenhouse gases (SGGs)
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Greenhouse gases that are either used in industrial applications or emitted as a byproduct of industrial activity. They include hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride. Some industries that use ozone-depleting substances are replacing those substances with synthetic greenhouse gases.
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Threat abatement plan
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Threat abatement plans are developed when they are deemed by the minister to be a feasible, efficient and effective way of abating a listed key threatening process, having regard to the advice of the Threatened Species Scientific Committee and other nominated persons or bodies.
Threat abatement plans provide for the research, management and any other actions necessary to reduce the impact of a listed key threatening process on native species and ecological communities. The minister can make these plans alone or jointly with states and territories or the minister can adopt a state or territory plan.
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Threatened species
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Listed threatened species (together with listed threatened ecological communities) form one of the eight matters of national environmental significance protected by the EPBC Act. Listed threatened species are categorised under the Act as either ‘extinct’, ‘extinct in the wild’, ‘critically endangered’, ‘endangered’, ‘vulnerable’ or ‘conservation dependent’.
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Used substances licence
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A licence that may be granted under the Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Management Act 1989 for the import or export of used or recycled chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, CH3CCl3 (methyl chloroform), methyl bromide and bromochloromethane (BCM). The import and export of these substances has been banned under the Act since 1996 without a used substances licence.
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Water buyback
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Under the Restoring the Balance in the Murray-Darling Basin program ,the Australian Government is buying permanent water entitlements from irrigators for the environment. The water allocated to the entitlements will be used to improve the health of the Murray-Darling Basin’s rivers and wetlands.
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Watering action
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The action of delivering environmental water to an area or asset at a specific time and for a specific purpose.
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Web crawler
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A web crawler is a computer program that browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly fashion. They are mainly used to make copies of websites which are later indexed by search engines.
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World Heritage List
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A list of properties with cultural heritage and/or natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value.
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Acronym
|
Meaning
|
AAD
|
Australian Antarctic Division
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AAT
|
Administrative Appeals Tribunal
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ABBBS
|
Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme
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ABRS
|
Australian Biological Resources Study
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AELERT
|
Australasian Environmental Law Enforcement and Regulators Network
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ANAO
|
Australian National Audit Office
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ANCODS
|
Agreement between Australia and the Netherlands concerning Old Dutch Shipwrecks
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APEC
|
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
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AQIS
|
Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service
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ARC
|
Australian Refrigeration Council
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B5
|
blends of diesel and biodiesel where the biodiesel component is no greater than five per cent
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B20
|
blends of diesel and biodiesel where the biodiesel component is above five per cent but no greater than 20 per cent
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CA
|
controlled action
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CCALMR
|
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
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CEWH
|
Commonwealth Environmental Water Holder
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CFC
|
chlorofluorocarbon
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CITES
|
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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CMA
|
Catchment Management Authority
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CMP
|
Conservation Management Plan
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COAG
|
Council of Australian Governments
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CSG/LNG
|
coal seam gas / liquefied natural gas
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CSIRO
|
Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organisation
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DAFF
|
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
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DCN
|
derived cetane number
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DIPE
|
di-isopropyl ether
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DSEWPaC
|
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
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DWLBC
|
Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation
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ECP
|
Environment Crime Program of INTERPOL
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EEZ
|
exclusive economic zone
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EPBC Act
|
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth)
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EPHC
|
Environment Protection and Heritage Council
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ERISS
|
Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist
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FQS Act
|
Fuel Quality Standards Act 2000 (Cth)
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g/L
|
grams per litre
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GL
|
gigalitre
|
Hazardous Waste Act
|
Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1989 (Cth)
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HBFC
|
hydrobromofluorocarbon
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HCFC
|
hydrochlorofluorocarbon
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HFC
|
hydrofluorocarbon
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IPA
|
Indigenous Protected Area
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IWC
|
International Whaling Commission
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kg/m3
|
kilograms per meter cubed
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KPI
|
key performance indicator
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m/m
|
Mass by mass is defined as mass of a component as a proportion of the mass of the mixture. For example, fuel containing 8% m/m oxygen has 8 moles of oxygen in every 100 moles of blended fuel.
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MDBA
|
Murray-Darling Basin Authority
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MER
|
monitoring, evaluation and reporting
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ML
|
megalitre
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Montreal Protocol
|
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
|
MTBE
|
methyl tertiary butyl ether
|
Nagoya Protocol
|
Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation
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NCA
|
not controlled action
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NEPM
|
National Environment Protection Measures
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NHT
|
National Heritage Trust
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NRMC
|
Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council
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NRSMPA
|
National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas
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ODP
|
ozone-depleting potential
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PBS
|
portfolio budget statements
|
PFC
|
perfluorocarbon
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PIIOP
|
Private Irrigation Infrastructure Operators Program
|
PM
|
action to be taken in a particular manner
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PSO Act
|
Product Stewardship (Oil) Act 2000 (Cth)
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RAC
|
Refrigeration and air conditioning
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SGG
|
Synthetic greenhouse gas
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SSD
|
Supervising Scientist Division
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Stockholm Convention
|
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
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TBA
|
tertiary butyl alcohol
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TSSC
|
Threatened Species Scientific Committee
|
UNEP
|
United Nations Environment Programme
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UNESCO
|
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
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v/v
|
Volume by volume (v/v) is defined as [volume of substance]/[volume of solution] x 100. For example, fuel containing 5% v/v biodiesel has 5 litres of biodiesel in every 100 litres of blended fuel.
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WELS Act
|
Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Act 2005 (Cth)
|
WELS
|
water efficiency labelling and standards
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WTO
|
World Trade Organization
|
