Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

energy source of fuel is wood. The ecological effects of the loss of tree cover

in Ciskei were obvious. A general shortage of fuel wood in the study area was

observed. Consumption of fuel wood is increased during winter (June/July) in the

areas of study. The mean annual consumption of fuel wood for domestic purpose at

Nyaniso was 2964 kg. and 3402 kg. at Lusiko. The author suggested that the

establishment of wood lots of suitable exotica, preferably indigenous species

for fuel and building timber is essential to prevent complete destruction of

woodlands. This article is available at the Document Centre, Agriculture, UFH.

See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 1308

1888. Steyn, M.S. Grondsuurheid en die gebruik van landboukalk in die Republiek

van Suid-Afrika.Anonymous Pretoria:Departement van Landbou-Tegniese Dienste.

88:1-16, 1969.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; POPULATION; RAINFALL

Notes : The author states that very few lime products are presently being used

in the Republic to reverse the effects of soil acidification. If this situation

is not improved in the foreseeable future, agricultural production in SA will

definitely decrease substantially. It is essential to improve the production

potential of our land in order to be able to feed the growing number of our

population. An estimated third of the cultivated land is given no sort of

fertiliser. Only one tenth of this land is given lime treatment. In higher

rainfall areas, it is estimated that approximately one out of five morgen is

give lime treatment. This is particularly worrying because it is in these areas

where the soil reacts most favourably to even small amounts of lime, even though

the ground may often not be particularly acidic.

Ref ID : 1644

1889. Stilwell, T. The Farmer Support Programme revisited: Partnership in the

economic survival strategies of the poor.Anonymous Anonymous Halfway

House:Development Bank of Southern Africa. Discussion paper No(3):1-120, 1997.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POVERTY; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; COMMUNAL AREA; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Ref ID : 2083

1890. Stock, W.D. and Allsop, N. Functional perspectives of ecosystems. In: The

ecology of fynbos. Nutrients, fire and diversity, edited by Cowling, R.M.Cape

Town:Oxford University Press, 1992,p. 241-259.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : FYNBOS; FIRE

Ref ID : 924

1891. Stock, W.D., Bond, W.J., and Le Roux, D. Isotope evidence from soil carbon

to reconstruct vegetation history in the south-western Cape Province. South

African Journal of Science 89:153-154, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; WESTERN CAPE; FYNBOS

Notes : This article reports an innovative approach to studying the nature and

composition of the renoster shrubland vegetation found on the fine-textured

soils of the south and south-western Cape Province, prior to European

settlement. The authors use stable carbon isotopic evidence from soil organic

matter to reconstruct the palaeoecology of existing areas dominated by renoster

shrubland in the winter-rainfall region of the south-western Cape. The stable

carbon isotope method has recently been applied with considerable success in

reconstructing grassland/woodland boundaries in South Africa, West and East

Africa.

Ref ID : 1357

1892. Stocking, M. Measuring and assessing the impact of soil erosion: the

particular challenges of communal rangelands in Africa.Anonymous Anonymous Fort

Hare:SACRAN Communal Rangeland Symposium. :1-9, 1998.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION

Notes : The author attempts to bring a balanced and objective approach to

assessing the degradation status of rangeland, especially the rates of erosion

and their effect on biomass production, livelihoods and future sustainable use.

The techniques used can be as influential in determining the result obtained as

the process being measured. Alarmist predictions of widespread degradation of

communal rangeland must now be tempered by realistic on-site assessments of the

nature and severity of in situ erosion. The paper examines scientific and

mainly field-based options for the measurement and assessment of the impact of

erosion in semi-arid to sub-humid communal rangeland systems.

Ref ID : 1388

1893. Stocking, M. and Garland, G. Land degradation and soil conservation:

policy issues for a democratic South Africa.Anonymous 1996,p. 27-35.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; SOIL CONSERVATION; CONSERVATION; POLICY; LAND USE;

TRANSKEI; CISKEI; EROSION

Notes : This paper is mainly concerned with the more populated small-scale

farming and land use sector as found in the former 'homelands' such as the

Transkei, Ciskei and other parts of rural SA. This tends to be in the semi-arid

and sub-humid zones, on steeper slopes and poorer soils, where the potential

erosion hazard will be far greater. A distrinctly heterogeneous erosion

situation prevails but the state of the land is characterised by 'hot spots' of

very severe degradation, often punctuated by gullies and interspersed by rock-

strewn abandoned land. The evidence for the severity of the impact of this

degradation to show the urgency for a constistent conservation policy for SA is

discussed. The authors aim to put soil conservation policy in SA into

perspective by charting recent international changes, and their relevance and

applicability to SA. They also identify what are believed to be the principal

lessons to be drawn from experience outside SA, thereby defining the most urgent

soil conservation policy and practical issues for the country.

Ref ID : 789

1894. Stocking, M.A. Landscape dynamics on a human scale: how much does soil

erosion cost? Biennial Conference, Durban, 1-3 July 1992. 1992.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; EROSION; GEOMORPHOLOGY

Abstract : Geomorphologists, especially southern African ones, like their

landscapes large! Erosion surfaces and peneplains ruled when I last taught a

geomorphology class, and, while debate flourished on the age of these surfaces,

almost no attention was paid to the local process dynamics whereby such features

might arise. Times have changed; macro-scale geomorphology still rightfully has

its academic adherents, but much research has now moved to a smaller scale in

order to realise the great potential for application of geomorphological

principles to the use of landscapes and the development of human society. This

lecture examines the reasons for looking at micro-scale processes, reviews

typical sorts of field experiments worldwide, and shows how geomorphological

processes can be quantified into something meaningful to the rural poor and

small farmer. The common currency is money.

Ref ID : 96

1895. Stokes, C.J. Degradation and dynamics of succulent Karoo

vegetation.University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1995. Masters Thesis.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; SUCCULENT KAROO; GRAZING

EFFECTS; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT

Ref ID : 1963

1896. Strydom, L. A desktop study of the effects of small-scale mining on the

environment in South Africa.University of Natal, Durban. , 1997.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : An unpublished Hons. thesis.

Ref ID : 943

1897. Stuart, S.N., Adams, R.J., and Jenkins, M.D. South Africa. In:

Biodiversity in sub-saharan Africa and its islands. Conservation, management,

and sustainable use. A contribution to the biodiversity conservation strategy

programme,Anonymous IUCN, 1990,p. 186-196.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BIODIVERSITY; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; CONSERVATION

Notes : The following issues are discussed: (1) critical sites; (2) critical

species; (3) threats; (4) current conservation measures; and (5) suggested

conservation activities.

Ref ID : 942

1898. Stuart, S.N., Adams, R.J., and Jenkins, M.D. Namibia. In: Biodiversity in

sub-saharan Africa and its islands. Conservation, management, and sustainable

use. A contribution to the biodiversity conservation strategy

programme,Anonymous IUCN, 1990,p. 149-153.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : NAMIBIA; BIODIVERSITY; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; CONSERVATION

Notes : The following issues are discussed: (1) critical sites; (2) critical

species; (3) threats; (4) threats; (5) current conservation measures and (6)

suggested conservation activities.

Ref ID : 941

1899. Stuart, S.N., Adams, R.J., and Jenkins, M.D. Botswana. In: Biodiversity in

sub-saharan Africa and its islands. Conservation, management, and sustainable

use. A contribution to the biodiversity conservation strategy

programme,Anonymous IUCN, 1990,p. 49-52.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BIODIVERSITY; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; BOTSWANA; CONSERVATION

Notes : The following issues are discussed: (1) critical sites; (2) critical

species; (3) threats; (4) current conservation measures and (5) suggested

conservation activities.

Ref ID : 1051

1900. Stuart-Hill, G.C. and Hobson, F.O. An alternative approach to veld

condition assessment in the non-grassveld regions of South Africa. Journal of

the Grassland Society of southern Africa 8(4):179-185, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VELD CONDITION; LAND USE; STATISTICS

Abstract : Traditional veld condition assessment methods score veld either in

terms of its 'state of health' or its value for a specific land-use objective.

This is problematic and we propose that 'veld condition' should simply be a

descriptive index, devoid of value judgement. The index should convey

multivariate information about the current state of the vegetation at a site in

the same way that a cow's breed, sex or age (all descriptive indices) convey

multivariate information about that cow, to which differrent people can attach a

value. We propose that the position which a sample site occupies in

multivariate space (from ordination analysis) should be its descriptive index

(or condition). Different land-users can then all use the same descriptive

index, but may interpret it differently, depending on their objectives. It

should be noted that simply using multivariate statistics to analyse floristic

data does not mean that the vegetation is being assessed according to the

approach outlined in this paper.

Ref ID : 1418

1901. Stuart-Hill, G.C., Tainton, N.M., Aucamp, A.J., and Danckwerts, J.E.

Infiltration and water use patterns in semi-arid South African savanna.Anonymous

Anonymous :465-466, 1986.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SAVANNA; RAINFALL; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY; MODELS

Notes : Forms part of proceedings of International Rangelands conference. The

investigation examines the influence of soil water on the development of Acacia

karoo savanna. It was found that stony soils and winter rains favour the

development of a tree component. Three functional soil layers are identified for

modelling savanna response to rainfall.

Ref ID : 2084

1902. Stubbings, J.A. A.C.A.C.I.A. South African Forestry Journal 102:8-14,

1977.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 923

1903. Sugden, J.M. and Meadows, M.E. The use of multiple discriminant analysis

in reconstructing recent vegetation changes on the Nuweveldberg, South Africa.

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 60:131-147, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : METHODOLOGIES; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; PALAEOENVIRONMENTS; KAROO

DESERTIFICATION; CLIMATE; LAND USE

Abstract : Pollen analysis of vlei or swamp sediments from the Nuweveldberg

Mountains in the Central Karoo yields a vegetation history spanning the last 760

years. It sheds light on the local vegetation shifts in response to

fluctuations in climate and the possible effects of changing land-use,

particularly when Khoi-Khoi herders began occupying the area which was

previously inhabited by San hunter-foragers. Multiple discrimant analysis,

which compares Holocene fossil pollen assemblages with modern pollen spectra, is

used as a tool in palaeovegetational reconstruction. Visual, subjective zoning

of the pollen diagram is substantiated by multiple discriminant analysis. This

technique is shown to be useful in determining whether modern analogues exist

for the fossil pollen assemblages and for identifying misclassified vegetation

zones and zones not identified during the initial subjective zoning. Used in

this way, multiple discriminant analysis can considerably enhance the

interpretation of fossil pollen spectra.

Ref ID : 922

1904. Sugden, J.M. and Meadows, M.E. The history of the Clanwilliam cedar

(Widdringtonia cederbergensis): evidence from pollen analysis. South African

Forestry Journal (153):64-71, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : PALAEOENVIRONMENTS; FYNBOS; CONSERVATION; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY;

FIRE; FOREST

Notes : It has been argued that the current "endangered" status of the endemic

Clanwilliam cedar is a consequence of exploitation of the tree and changes in

the fire regime which took place within the last two hundred years or so. In

this paper, the results of a detailed palaeoecological analysis of two cores of

organic sediment from vleis in the Cederberg are used to extend the documented

history back to 14 500 years ago. The demise of Widdringtonia cedarbergensis

must be seen against a backdrop of late Quaternary environmental changes. It is

argued that natural environmental changes, coupled with anthropogenic influences

of both Khoisan and Khoikhoi, have also had significant effects on the

distribution of the cedar. The Cederberg was not clothed in a closed-canopy

cedar forest during the late Pleistocene and Holocene, although the tree appears

to have been more widespread prior to 4 000 years ago. The management

implications of these findings are briefly introduced.

Ref ID : 2282

1905. Summer Desertification Project VII Potential value of land and water

resources in Northeast Otjozondjupa: a study for the Nambian Ministry of Lands,

Resettlement and Rehabilitation. Summer Desertification Project VII. Gazza, A.,

Lubanda, P., Masheshe, L., Muharukua, V., Nawa, R., Nickanor, N., Noongo, E.,

Persson, J., Shiponeni, N., and Shimali, P.Desert Research Foundation of Nambia.

Occasional Paper 9, 1999.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POPULATION; AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; WIND EROSION; EROSION;

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; CONSERVATION; FORESTRY; POLICY

Notes : The following points are made in conclusion. 1. Prior to any

development being carried out in the area, necessary feasibility studies should

be carried out. 2. No outsider absentee large cattle farmers should be allowed

into Western Bushmanland. 3. The local people employed as cattle herders in

the area by ousiders should not remain as herders. 4. Conflicts between

livestock owners and veld food collectors/mahangu growers need to be resolved.

5. In the vicinity of settlements it should be the obligation of the livestock

owner to control his herd or to pay for the damage done. 6. No more boreholes

should be drilled. 7. The Ministry of Education should improve the education

because only a few of the local people are educated. 8. Communication should

be improved through radio and other media. The ministries should make sure that

important issues reach all the people. 9. The GRN should make sure that all

the services they render render the San self-reliant. The food supply program

has been going on for some time but there has been no progress yet. 10.

Positive industries and community projects should be recommended for the area to

contribute towards the development of the area. 11. The capacity of this

environment to support residents by foraging for veld food decreases as the

number of cattle and people increases. The people should be made aware of

societal costs of population increases and ways to prevent the same. 12.

Increase of agricultural extension. 13. Increase soil fertility for mahangu

cropping by additional chemical or organic fertilizer. 14. Decrease wind

erosion to the mahangu fields by planting wind breaks of bushes and trees. 15.

The Omuramba ridges are very prone to wind and water erosion and the present

level of vegetation cover should be maintained. 16. Create a local seed bank

possibly organized and dispersed by the Agricultural Development Centre. 17.

The setting up of a demonstration farming centre that would provide guidance and

extension on conservation orientated field cropping especially the building of

wind breaks. 18. The possibility of a conservancy should be considered. 19.

Increase the propagation of veld food by supporting the Kanovlei Forestry

Station with their cropping and growing of veld food species. 20. A bush

burning policy should be adopted and enforced.

Ref ID : 364

1906. Sumner, M.E. The physical chemical properties of tall grass veld soils of

Natal in relation to their erodibility.University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. ,

1957. Abstract only in file. An account of a survey of the erodible soils in

the Tall Grass Veld of Natal is presented. The climate, vegetation, geology,

topography and geographical distribution of these soils were the main factors

considered. Typical profile descriptions are also given. Profiles occurring on

dolerite and Beaufort and Ecca formations were sampled and investigated in the

laboratory. The following soil characteristics are described: mechanical

composition, soil reaction, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations,

molecular ratios of the clay fraction and carbon content. A tentative

classification of Tall Grass Veld soils is proposed. The soils derived from

dolerite are classified as brown to reddish brown ferruginous lateritic soils

while the soils of Beaufort and Ecca origin are podsolic in nature. A theory on

the process of erosion taking place in these soils is also advanced. The

infiltration capacity of Tall Grass Veld soils has also been studied. It was

found that the stable doleritic soils have a high infiltration capacity and high

pore space while the Beaufort and Ecca soils are compact and impervious to

water. The topsoils of the latter are more pervious than the subsoils but are

by no means in the same category as doleritic soils. The low infiltration

capacity of Beaufort and Ecca soils is due to their dispersibility, compactness

and lack of structure. The literature on the physical and chemical properties

of soils in relation to erodibility has been reviewed. The definition and

significance of various physical properties as measures of erodibility have been

discussed. Data for the physical properties of Tall Grass Veld soils have been

presented and it was found that the dispersion ratio, percentage water stable

aggregation, permeability and swelling are good indices of erodibility. The

erosion ratio is not a good measure of erodibility. A statistical approach to

the problem of erosion is suggested. The soil structure relationships in Tall

Grass Veld soils have been studied and the results show that organic matter and

iron are the major factors contributing to the stable structure of doleritic

soils. The poor structure of Beaufort and Ecca subsoils is due to the absence

of these cementing agents. The physical and chemical properties such as

viscosity, hydration and flocculation of the colloids extracted from the Tall

Grass Veld soils are discussed. The results show that doleritic soils are

highly flocculated and relatively non-hydrated whereas Beaufort clays are

dispersed and highly hydrated.Master of Science.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; SOIL NUTRIENTS; KWAZULU NATAL; CLIMATE; EROSION

Ref ID : 874

1907. Sumner, P.D. Rates and controls of footpath erosion in Giant's Castle Game

Reserve, KwaZulu/Natal Drakensberg.University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. ,

1995. Master of Science.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; CONSERVATION; EROSION CONTROL; KWAZULU NATAL

Ref ID : 1425

1908. Surplus People Project Forced removals in South Africa.Anonymous Anonymous

Cape Town:University of Cape Town. :30-43, 1993.

Reprint : In File,

Notes : This regional report is a collection of material collated over the past

year. It is an attempt to present many already well-known facts and

characteristics of the region in terms of the national project on relocation.

Reference is made to published and forthcoming work which should guide the

researcher to further detail. It is recognised that this report is not

comprehensive. With scarcity of time and voluntary workers, only a small part

of the relocation process since 1652 could be studied and presented.

Ref ID : 1362

1909. Surplus People Project Land claims in Namaqualand.Anonymous Anonymous Cape

Town:Formeset Printers. :6-20, 1995.

Reprint : In File,

Notes : The authors have shown in this review of the historical context of land

dispossession that the 1913 Black Land Act is not a clear watershed point to

distinguish between racially-based legislated dispossession (of the 'apartheid'

sort) and the more blurred historical process of colonisation and dispossession

by conquest. The Surplus People Project argues that the Land Claims Court is

not a sufficient response to the need for restitution. The court can only

address some people's claims to land rights. Those who were dispossessed before

the cut-off date of 1913 cannot take their claim to the court. The processes

which took place prior to 1913 can be traced and need to be taken into

consideration in any effort at land redistribution and restitution.

Ref ID : 1097

1910. Sutherland, A., Martin, A., and Salmon, J. Recent experiences with

participatory technology development in Africa: practitioners' review. Natural

resource perspectives, number 25.Anonymous Farrington J. London:Overseas

Development Institute (ODI). :1-4, 1998.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; METHODOLOGIES

Notes : Participatory technology development (PTD) has recently been widely